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Firing new shots in the malaria war, a vaccine still in the testing stage is now a step closer to becoming a public health reality [Science News]. Two field trials in Kenya and Tanzania showed that the experimental drug reduced malaria infections by more than 50 percent in infants and young children; if a final set of trials proves that the vaccine is indeed safe and effective, the vaccine could be ready for use by 2011.

If the phase three trials are successful, it would be “an extraordinary scientific triumph,” said Dr. W. Ripley Ballou, deputy director for vaccines and infectious diseases for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which helped fund the research. But more importantly,” Ballou added, “it could save millions of children’s lives” [Los Angeles Times]. Malaria kills about 1 million people around the world each year, and most of the victims are children under the age of five.

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Researchers have decoded the genomes of two different malaria parasites that plague people in Southeast Asia and South America, and say the new information will boost efforts to find a vaccine for the mosquito-borne disease. The work builds on the sequencing of the first malaria genome six years ago, when scientists tackled the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, which is endemic in Africa. By comparing the genetics of Plasmodium falciparum to that of the newly sequenced species, P. knowlesi and P. vivax, the two teams have begun to identify the different mechanisms by which each species maximizes its chances of evading the host immune system [The Scientist].

P. vivax is the main cause of malaria in Latin America and Southeast Asia, and although it’s rarely deadly researchers say it still causes plenty of misery. It’s also challenging to eradicate because it can lie dormant in the liver for months. “It makes people very sick,” says lead researcher Jane Carlton…. “It can come out of the liver weeks or months after the initial mosquito bite. That makes it a very serious risk to human health.” Vivax malaria is so debilitating that sufferers, most of whom are poor, can’t support themselves or their families. “Vivax is one of the stealth reasons that poor people can’t escape poverty,” says [tropical disease expert] Peter Hotez [USA Today].

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Researchers have invented a microscope that’s about the size of a tiny iPod shuffle, and say the cheap, disposable, and sturdy device could be a boon for doctors in the developing world. The microscope, which researchers say could be mass-produced for about $10, could be used to quickly scan a patient’s blood for the parasites that cause malaria, sleeping sickness, and other tropical diseases, for example.

The new tool could be a useful alternative to the typically bulky optical microscopes, in which lenses and lights normally needed to illuminate, magnify and focus an image take up a lot of space, and are fragile and expensive to boot [New Scientist]. In contrast, researcher Changhuei Yang says his invention could be slipped into a doctor’s pocket, and could be brought to the most isolated village. “The whole thing is truly compact, it could be put in a cell phone, and it can use just sunlight for illumination, which makes it very appealing for Third World applications,” he said [The Independent].

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It’s a mind-boggling piece of medical news: A genetic variant that’s commonly found in people of African descent raises the risk of HIV infection by about 40 percent, but also causes HIV-infected people to live longer. Researchers say the trait is extremely common because it used to have a beneficial effect; it protected people against a form of malaria that is now fairly rare.

The genetic variant may partially account for the high HIV rates in sub-Saharan Africa, where over 24 million people are currently living with the disease. While the differences in HIV prevalence in different parts of the world can be partly explained by different social conditions and sexual behaviour, scientists have long suspected that there may be genetic reasons why the virus is rife in certain communities [BBC News].

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Villagers living deep in the Guyanese rain forest have developed resistance to an antibiotic they’ve never taken, and a malaria drug may be to blame. Researchers say the malaria drug is chemically similar to a type of widely used antibiotic, and they believe that the E. coli bacteria in the villagers’ guts evolved a broad resistance to both medications.

Antibiotic resistance is a major problem in Western countries, where strains of disease-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus have adapted to beat some of the most commonly-used drugs. However, for a resistant strain to develop, bacteria usually need to be exposed to the drug involved [BBC News]. In this case, researchers say that a cheap malaria medication called chloroquine is similar enough to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin to allow the E. coli to develop defenses to the unknown drug.

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