DeCode Genetics, a genome sequencing and drug development company, found out the hard way that predicting disease risk simply by reading someone’s genes isn’t so straightforward. On Tuesday, deCode filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in Delaware. The company’s financial problems have also raised some troubling questions about genetic privacy.
DeCode’s mission was to uncover genetic risk factors for common diseases and to develop personal genome scans so individuals could learn their risk. DeCode quickly became the leader in the worldwide race to identify the causes of common disease. The company’s researchers discovered mutations linked to schizophrenia, heart disease, diabetes, prostate cancer and many other illnesses. Its approach was to identify the mutations first in Icelanders and then to confirm them in other populations [The New York Times]. Iceland was seen as an ideal spot for genetic studies, because the population was fairly isolated and the country has excellent medical and genealogical records. However, the company’s early successes did not translate into dollars, in part because the mutations they found only account for a small percentage of the overall incidence of a given disease.
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“People ordered genomes for Christmas” [The New York Times], says the chief executive of the personal gene-sequencing company Knome, commenting on the recent increased demand for his company’s services. Now, Knome is partnering with the non-profit X Prize Foundation to auction its complete genome scan service on eBay. Bidding will open at $68,000—far below Knome’s current price of $99,000. The auction starts Friday and will continue for 10 days. The highest bidder will walk away with a full readout of their gene map, along with a complete interpretation of their genetic details [CNN].
The auction is essentially a publicity stunt [The New York Times] for the company, and is set to begin Friday in order to coincide with DNA Day, the anniversary of the discovery of the double helix structure. Proceeds will benefit the X Prize Foundation, an educational institute offering a $10 million prize for the sequencing of 100 genomes in 10 days for less than $10,000 per genome. Knome and other personal genetics companies claim that besides identifying risk of diseases, sequencing can also determine an individual’s potential reaction to certain drugs and pick out those that may be ineffective or even toxic…. Genomics plays a critical role in the move towards personalized medicine [CNN].
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A biotechnology company has announced a new price for sequencing an individual’s entire genome: $5,000. The announcement from the California start-up Complete Genomics signifies a drastic price drop–the going rate for a complete genome is currently about $100,000–and could allow researchers to routinely collect vast amounts of genetic information. Researchers say that a $5,000 genome would enable new studies to identify rare genetic variants linked to common diseases, and it could open up the sequencing market to diagnostic and pharmaceutical companies, making genome sequencing a routine part of clinical drug testing [ABC News].
Complete Genomics won’t offer its services directly to people who are curious about their genetic makeup, setting it apart from consumer-oriented companies like 23andMe and deCODE Genetics. Complete Genomics expects most of its customers to be pharmaceutical companies or research laboratories that are doing studies aimed at finding genes linked to diseases. Such studies might look at the DNA of 1,000 people with a disease and 1,000 people without the disease. Right now, such studies look at only particular locations in the DNA because it is too expensive to determine the entire DNA sequence. But presumably, an entire sequence would provide more complete information [The New York Times].
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Researchers say they have turned a tobacco plant into a living factory that can produce individualized vaccines to fight a type of cancer known as follicular lymphoma. While similar vaccines have been grown inside animal cells, researchers say this new process is quicker and less expensive, and could carry less risk to the patient, as animal cells might hold unknown viruses [BBC News].
In the new technique, researchers took biopsies from each lymphoma patient and isolated the gene that produces tumor-fighting antibodies, which is slightly different in each person. In each case, they then used a genetically engineered tobacco virus to bring the gene into a tobacco plant, where the plant responded by turning out antibodies. One week later the tobacco leaves were picked and ground into pulp, and the antibodies were extracted. These antibodies are put into a patient newly-diagnosed with the disease, to “prime” the body’s immune system to attack any cell carrying them. If successful, this would mean the body would then recognise and destroy the lymphoma cells [BBC News].
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Researchers have developed a test that may soon allow doctors to track the progress of lung cancer tumors in “real time.” A sophisticated device allows doctors to detect and isolate the few circulating tumor cells that travel through the blood stream, which can then provide information about the main tumor’s growth and its response to medication.
As tumors grow, a handful of cancer cells may peel away and slip into the blood, [study author Daniel] Haber says. While few in number — with about one cancer cell for every 1 billion blood cells — these cells can be deadly if they settle in other parts of the body and form new tumors, a process called metastasis. Until now, doctors have never been able to easily analyze them [USA Today]. Now doctors will be able to conduct a genetic analysis of the free-floating tumor cells, allowing doctors to tailor their treatment to the individual patient and taking an important step towards “personalized medicine.”
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The next revolution in health care may be the dawn of “personalized medicine,” where a patient’s genetic makeup is taken into account when prescribing drugs and dosages. A sign of that coming era came over the weekend at an important oncology meeting, where the biotech company ImClone Systems announced that its colon cancer drug was not effective on about 40 percent of patients who have a mutated form of a cell-growth gene.
The trend towards personalized medicine will have repercussions for pharmaceutical companies, who are used to searching for the next blockbuster cancer drug that can benefit a vast number of patients.
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