Comments on: How cool is the LHC? http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/ I am an astronomer, writer, and skeptic. I likes reality the way it is, and I aims to keep it that way. My real name is Phil Plait, and I run the Bad Astronomy blog. Tue, 14 Feb 2012 15:46:41 +0000 hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1 By: John Phillips, FCD http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-105031 John Phillips, FCD Thu, 24 Jul 2008 16:43:16 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-105031 @Brando: plus, at the low temperatures they are working on the magnets need far less current to generate the required magnetic fields. Without very low temperature superconders the amount of current required would be astronomical :) For a brief look at the amount of power they expect to use have a look here: http://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/faq/lhc-energy-consumption.htm It seems that everything about this experiment is simply mind blowing, a hyper WOW! @Brando: plus, at the low temperatures they are working on the magnets need far less current to generate the required magnetic fields. Without very low temperature superconders the amount of current required would be astronomical :) For a brief look at the amount of power they expect to use have a look here:

http://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/faq/lhc-energy-consumption.htm

It seems that everything about this experiment is simply mind blowing, a hyper WOW!

]]> By: jopettitt.com » Blog Archive » Monitor Large Hadron Collider’s Magnet Temperatures With Real Time Status Website [Doomsday Watch, Sort Of] http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104869 jopettitt.com » Blog Archive » Monitor Large Hadron Collider’s Magnet Temperatures With Real Time Status Website [Doomsday Watch, Sort Of] Thu, 24 Jul 2008 06:26:05 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104869 [...] To do their particle-colliding business, the LHC’s magnets must be kept ultra-cool—close to absolute zero in fact, which is a frosty -459.67 degrees F. And by the looks of it, many of the magnets are near operating temperature already. To keep them that cold, liquid helium is used, which is only liquid at extremely low temperatures. The highest temperature scale on the status website only goes up to 100K (-279.67 degrees F), so we’re not really watching for “meltdowns” in the strictest sense of the word. But if the temperatures start rising to near the top of the scale, you know something is afoot. No doomsday scenarious, but still, feel free to shout out SECTOR 7 ARC MAGNET TEMPERATURES RISING! [LHC Cooldown Status via Bad Astronomy] [...] [...] To do their particle-colliding business, the LHC’s magnets must be kept ultra-cool—close to absolute zero in fact, which is a frosty -459.67 degrees F. And by the looks of it, many of the magnets are near operating temperature already. To keep them that cold, liquid helium is used, which is only liquid at extremely low temperatures. The highest temperature scale on the status website only goes up to 100K (-279.67 degrees F), so we’re not really watching for “meltdowns” in the strictest sense of the word. But if the temperatures start rising to near the top of the scale, you know something is afoot. No doomsday scenarious, but still, feel free to shout out SECTOR 7 ARC MAGNET TEMPERATURES RISING! [LHC Cooldown Status via Bad Astronomy] [...]

]]> By: WTFxUP? » Monitor Large Hadron Collider’s Magnet Temperatures With Real Time Status Website [Doomsday Watch, Sort Of] http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104863 WTFxUP? » Monitor Large Hadron Collider’s Magnet Temperatures With Real Time Status Website [Doomsday Watch, Sort Of] Thu, 24 Jul 2008 05:42:07 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104863 [...] To do their particle-colliding business, the LHC’s magnets must be kept ultra-cool—close to absolute zero in fact, which is a frosty -459.67 degrees F. And by the looks of it, many of the magnets are near operating temperature already. To keep them that cold, liquid helium is used, which is only liquid at extremely low temperatures. The highest temperature scale on the status website only goes up to 100K (-279.67 degrees F), so we’re not really watching for “meltdowns” in the strictest sense of the word. But if the temperatures start rising to near the top of the scale, you know something is afoot. No doomsday scenarious, but still, feel free to shout out SECTOR 7 ARC MAGNET TEMPERATURES RISING! [LHC Cooldown Status via Bad Astronomy] [...] [...] To do their particle-colliding business, the LHC’s magnets must be kept ultra-cool—close to absolute zero in fact, which is a frosty -459.67 degrees F. And by the looks of it, many of the magnets are near operating temperature already. To keep them that cold, liquid helium is used, which is only liquid at extremely low temperatures. The highest temperature scale on the status website only goes up to 100K (-279.67 degrees F), so we’re not really watching for “meltdowns” in the strictest sense of the word. But if the temperatures start rising to near the top of the scale, you know something is afoot. No doomsday scenarious, but still, feel free to shout out SECTOR 7 ARC MAGNET TEMPERATURES RISING! [LHC Cooldown Status via Bad Astronomy] [...]

]]> By: Torbjörn Larsson, OM http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104734 Torbjörn Larsson, OM Wed, 23 Jul 2008 22:30:16 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104734 <blockquote> I’m no physicist, but this is what I have found. I am sure some someone who reads this blog can explain much better than myself. </blockquote> No, that is essentially correct. The thing is that AFAIU according to current physics there will be no black holes at all, but in some hopeful variants of string theory there might. (So it will be a means of testing it.) So the way to bet your money is AFAIU there will be no black holes. But there will be exciting physics anyway, for example most assuredly detection of Higgs particles (so completing the current standard theory of particle physics with a large missing piece) and perhaps evidence of so called supersymmetry (so pointing to the next, deeper theory that can incorporate gravity). [Disclaimer: I'm no particle physicist either.]

I’m no physicist, but this is what I have found. I am sure some someone who reads this blog can explain much better than myself.

No, that is essentially correct. The thing is that AFAIU according to current physics there will be no black holes at all, but in some hopeful variants of string theory there might. (So it will be a means of testing it.)

So the way to bet your money is AFAIU there will be no black holes. But there will be exciting physics anyway, for example most assuredly detection of Higgs particles (so completing the current standard theory of particle physics with a large missing piece) and perhaps evidence of so called supersymmetry (so pointing to the next, deeper theory that can incorporate gravity).

[Disclaimer: I'm no particle physicist either.]

]]> By: symmetry breaking » Blog Archive » Update: How cold is the LHC right now? What about now? http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104623 symmetry breaking » Blog Archive » Update: How cold is the LHC right now? What about now? Wed, 23 Jul 2008 18:36:56 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104623 [...] of each of the machine’s eight sectors in real time, or pretty close to it.    Thanks to Bad Astronomy for pointing this [...] [...] of each of the machine’s eight sectors in real time, or pretty close to it.    Thanks to Bad Astronomy for pointing this [...]

]]> By: The Centipede http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104530 The Centipede Wed, 23 Jul 2008 13:53:47 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104530 Buckaroo Banzai would approve of the LHC, and he's a scientist <i>and</i> a literal rockster <i>and</i> an international vigilante of justice. Us mere mortals cannot ignore awesome of this magnitude, so therefore the LHC is obviously a brilliantly awesome idea. ;) Buckaroo Banzai would approve of the LHC, and he’s a scientist and a literal rockster and an international vigilante of justice. Us mere mortals cannot ignore awesome of this magnitude, so therefore the LHC is obviously a brilliantly awesome idea. ;)

]]> By: DaveS http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104529 DaveS Wed, 23 Jul 2008 13:51:29 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104529 Yeah, I know who Brian Cox is--he's the Antichrist, of course, smoothing the public perception of that Large Armageddon Collider. Just kidding, and please believe me this time. Yeah, I know who Brian Cox is–he’s the Antichrist, of course, smoothing the public perception of that Large Armageddon Collider.

Just kidding, and please believe me this time.

]]> By: madge http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104465 madge Wed, 23 Jul 2008 07:47:07 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104465 That "Guy" on the Big Bang Machine was Dr Brian (swoon) Cox. (and yes he was a rock star) We are still waiting for the programme to air over here. The CERN podcasts (especially Phil's) are really interesting. That “Guy” on the Big Bang Machine was Dr Brian (swoon) Cox. (and yes he was a rock star) We are still waiting for the programme to air over here. The CERN podcasts (especially Phil’s) are really interesting.

]]> By: shane http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104450 shane Wed, 23 Jul 2008 06:57:28 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104450 What happens if the get the LHC down to almost absolute zero? Do we get a a runaway freezing effect that will freeze this whole planet like a popsicle that will give the aliens, when they turn up in a million years or next week, a fairly decent old artefact to play with? ;-) Actually it made me think, where is the coldest place in the universe? I know that the ambient temperature of the universe is about 3 Kelvin but it turns out that the coldest temperature achieved was by some researchers in Helsinki where they got the temperature down to a frackteenth above absolute zero. The coldest naturally occurring place is the Boomerang Nebula where the temperature is supposed to be around 1 Kelvin. Pack an extra sweater for that one. What happens if the get the LHC down to almost absolute zero? Do we get a a runaway freezing effect that will freeze this whole planet like a popsicle that will give the aliens, when they turn up in a million years or next week, a fairly decent old artefact to play with?

;-)

Actually it made me think, where is the coldest place in the universe? I know that the ambient temperature of the universe is about 3 Kelvin but it turns out that the coldest temperature achieved was by some researchers in Helsinki where they got the temperature down to a frackteenth above absolute zero.

The coldest naturally occurring place is the Boomerang Nebula where the temperature is supposed to be around 1 Kelvin. Pack an extra sweater for that one.

]]> By: DaveS http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104426 DaveS Wed, 23 Jul 2008 04:12:27 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104426 Man, that guy on "The Big Bang Machine" sure sounded like he knew what he was talking about, but he sure looked more like a rock start than a physicist. (Just kidding.) Man, that guy on “The Big Bang Machine” sure sounded like he knew what he was talking about, but he sure looked more like a rock start than a physicist.

(Just kidding.)

]]> By: JTankers http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104360 JTankers Wed, 23 Jul 2008 00:52:14 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104360 Do you know what you get when you mix high energy colliders with Professor Otto Rossler’s charged micro black hole theory? Answer: a golf ball http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20min.ch%2Fnews%2Fwissen%2Fstory%2F24668213&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sl=de&tl=en Do you know what you get when you mix high energy colliders with Professor Otto Rossler’s charged micro black hole theory?

Answer: a golf ball

http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20min.ch%2Fnews%2Fwissen%2Fstory%2F24668213&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sl=de&tl=en

]]> By: quasidog http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104339 quasidog Wed, 23 Jul 2008 00:23:11 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104339 Awesome. Is there anywhere that is going to have a live podcast or something similar of the initial test ? Are you going to be especially monitoring it somehow BA, in a live chat or something ? Or of not, is there a place you know of that I can? Where can I keep track of the hadron "smash 'em up" derby ? Awesome. Is there anywhere that is going to have a live podcast or something similar of the initial test ? Are you going to be especially monitoring it somehow BA, in a live chat or something ? Or of not, is there a place you know of that I can? Where can I keep track of the hadron “smash ‘em up” derby ?

]]> By: The Centipede http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104256 The Centipede Tue, 22 Jul 2008 21:50:31 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104256 In a sort of tongue-in-cheek turned honest curiosity, what's the LHC's carbon footprint? (seeing how it's probably powered by the French atomic power grid...) In a sort of tongue-in-cheek turned honest curiosity, what’s the LHC’s carbon footprint?

(seeing how it’s probably powered by the French atomic power grid…)

]]> By: Brando http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104216 Brando Tue, 22 Jul 2008 20:49:29 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104216 Thanks for the insight, folks. I assumed it had to do with superconductivity, but wasn't 100% sure. Thanks for the insight, folks. I assumed it had to do with superconductivity, but wasn’t 100% sure.

]]> By: Steve http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104207 Steve Tue, 22 Jul 2008 20:38:58 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104207 You might also find it interesting to learn how to go about entering and exiting the LHC. Cool security features! http://www.ooine.com/index.cfm/2008/7/17/How-to-get-into-and-out-of-CERNs-Large-Hadron-Collider You might also find it interesting to learn how to go about entering and exiting the LHC. Cool security features!

http://www.ooine.com/index.cfm/2008/7/17/How-to-get-into-and-out-of-CERNs-Large-Hadron-Collider

]]> By: hambr http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104196 hambr Tue, 22 Jul 2008 20:27:46 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104196 Kilgore From what I have read the LHC may create microscopic black holes, but according to the theory's that are out there they will evaporate instantly. Since the collisions will be so powerful, it might condense matter past the limit and create very small black holes. I'm no physicist, but this is what I have found. I am sure some someone who reads this blog can explain much better than myself. By the way, huge Vonnegut fan. Kilgore

From what I have read the LHC may create microscopic black holes, but according to the theory’s that are out there they will evaporate instantly. Since the collisions will be so powerful, it might condense matter past the limit and create very small black holes. I’m no physicist, but this is what I have found. I am sure some someone who reads this blog can explain much better than myself. By the way, huge Vonnegut fan.

]]> By: Kilgore Trout http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104187 Kilgore Trout Tue, 22 Jul 2008 20:19:16 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104187 Brando, I'm also a layman, do you know what superconductors are? Essentially if you get them really really cold then there is no resistance at all. Which is pretty handy when dealing with the amount of power the LHC is using. And I had a question that has probably been covered a long time ago. People who don't pay attention to this stuff are still talking about the LHC creating black holes. I'm not worried that its going to, I just wonder where this idea came from? Was it just some non-scientist who's scared of the thing and knows that people are afraid of black holes or are there some physicists who have these concerns? Brando, I’m also a layman, do you know what superconductors are? Essentially if you get them really really cold then there is no resistance at all. Which is pretty handy when dealing with the amount of power the LHC is using.

And I had a question that has probably been covered a long time ago. People who don’t pay attention to this stuff are still talking about the LHC creating black holes. I’m not worried that its going to, I just wonder where this idea came from? Was it just some non-scientist who’s scared of the thing and knows that people are afraid of black holes or are there some physicists who have these concerns?

]]> By: hambr http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104186 hambr Tue, 22 Jul 2008 20:17:57 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104186 When are they going to start conducting experiments? I'm sure the date is out there, but I am too lazy to find it. When are they going to start conducting experiments? I’m sure the date is out there, but I am too lazy to find it.

]]> By: CarrieP http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104147 CarrieP Tue, 22 Jul 2008 19:15:59 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104147 I can officially no longer complain about how cold it got this winter in Michigan, when Science! has chilled an area the size of my hometown to near absolute zero. I can officially no longer complain about how cold it got this winter in Michigan, when Science! has chilled an area the size of my hometown to near absolute zero.

]]> By: Simon C. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104137 Simon C. Tue, 22 Jul 2008 18:49:28 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104137 "Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at the operating temperature, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature[8]." - Wikipedia, LHC Since they probably are type II superconductors, they need to be at a temperature below 20K in order to perfectly conduct. Making it colder doesn't necesseraly mean it's getting more powerful, but it helps a lot in keeping it cold. And keeping low temperatures always help in order to get a good vacuum. Although I don't think it matters so much in this experience. Please correct me if I'm wrong. Oh, and the LHC is definitely getting cooler with time! I can't wait for them to click on the start button. (Will it be Brian?) “Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at the operating temperature, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature[8].” – Wikipedia, LHC

Since they probably are type II superconductors, they need to be at a temperature below 20K in order to perfectly conduct. Making it colder doesn’t necesseraly mean it’s getting more powerful, but it helps a lot in keeping it cold. And keeping low temperatures always help in order to get a good vacuum. Although I don’t think it matters so much in this experience.

Please correct me if I’m wrong.

Oh, and the LHC is definitely getting cooler with time! I can’t wait for them to click on the start button. (Will it be Brian?)

]]> By: LifelessDead http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104133 LifelessDead Tue, 22 Jul 2008 18:41:07 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104133 @john.o.kerr: relatively simple, according to Lynn Evans in an interview with Brian Cox (cernpodcast.com), first refrigeration and then lower the pressure. But if you want to go even colder it would get really hard (laser traps and those sorts of things). @Brando: like Cheyenne mentioned, but the cooling medium is helium and at that temperature it becomes 'super fluidic helium'. Which can flow without friction and has an amazing heat capacity, that way you can use more extreme (lower temperature) super conducting materials that can sustain much large currents, which will generate a much stronger magnetic field. (Actually, there was a design flaw in the magnet supports, when they turned the first one on somewhere last year it almost collapsed under it's own force. That caused a few months worth of delays) @john.o.kerr: relatively simple, according to Lynn Evans in an interview with Brian Cox (cernpodcast.com), first refrigeration and then lower the pressure. But if you want to go even colder it would get really hard (laser traps and those sorts of things).

@Brando: like Cheyenne mentioned, but the cooling medium is helium and at that temperature it becomes ‘super fluidic helium’. Which can flow without friction and has an amazing heat capacity, that way you can use more extreme (lower temperature) super conducting materials that can sustain much large currents, which will generate a much stronger magnetic field. (Actually, there was a design flaw in the magnet supports, when they turned the first one on somewhere last year it almost collapsed under it’s own force. That caused a few months worth of delays)

]]> By: Cheyenne http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104114 Cheyenne Tue, 22 Jul 2008 18:06:12 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104114 Brando - The magnets super conduct at that temperature. They need very, very powerful magnets to keep the beams in the collider ring. Basically, if you make them (very, very, very) cold you make them more efficient and powerful. Just an extraordinary machine. I can't wait to see what kind of data they get. Brando – The magnets super conduct at that temperature. They need very, very powerful magnets to keep the beams in the collider ring. Basically, if you make them (very, very, very) cold you make them more efficient and powerful.

Just an extraordinary machine. I can’t wait to see what kind of data they get.

]]> By: Brando http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104112 Brando Tue, 22 Jul 2008 17:54:53 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104112 Can anyone explain to me why it's necessary to cool to these temperatures? Come on, help a high school graduate out ;) Can anyone explain to me why it’s necessary to cool to these temperatures? Come on, help a high school graduate out ;)

]]> By: isnochys http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104110 isnochys Tue, 22 Jul 2008 17:52:10 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104110 <fun on>first, the freezing us to 0K..then they are building secret weapons/mini black holes. this is major conspiracy! </fun off> :)) no, this is cool wow.. first, the freezing us to 0K..then they are building secret weapons/mini black holes.
this is major conspiracy!

:) )

no, this is cool
wow..

]]> By: Will the Large Hadron Collider Create 12 Miles of Data? | Discoblog | Discover Magazine http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/comment-page-1/#comment-104109 Will the Large Hadron Collider Create 12 Miles of Data? | Discoblog | Discover Magazine Tue, 22 Jul 2008 17:46:54 +0000 http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/07/22/how-cool-is-the-lhc/#comment-104109 [...] Large Hadron Collider is almost ready. Scientists are cooling the components of this giant underground accelerator to extreme temperatures—already -350 degrees Fahrenheit in [...] [...] Large Hadron Collider is almost ready. Scientists are cooling the components of this giant underground accelerator to extreme temperatures—already -350 degrees Fahrenheit in [...]

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