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	<title>Comments on: Nobel Prize to Mather and Smoot for CMB Anisotropies</title>
	<atom:link href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/</link>
	<description>Random samplings from a universe of ideas.</description>
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		<title>By: Dark Vader</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20936</link>
		<dc:creator>Dark Vader</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Oct 2006 14:14:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20936</guid>
		<description>Sorry, Dr. Margiani even as a layman I do realize that this is not science, disqualifying in the very first sentence:

&lt;em&gt;&quot;I have written this book for the mankind, because they may die in a few days as the dinosaurs. Then the whole Earth will be the kingdom of the Zalambdalestesses-like rats and mice.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;

The first obvious legitimate question: If your theory were correct, who would read your book in a few days - rats or mice?

;-)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sorry, Dr. Margiani even as a layman I do realize that this is not science, disqualifying in the very first sentence:</p>
<p><em>&#8220;I have written this book for the mankind, because they may die in a few days as the dinosaurs. Then the whole Earth will be the kingdom of the Zalambdalestesses-like rats and mice.&#8221;</em></p>
<p>The first obvious legitimate question: If your theory were correct, who would read your book in a few days &#8211; rats or mice?<br />
 <img src='http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>By: Dr. Margiani</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20931</link>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Margiani</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Oct 2006 10:09:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20931</guid>
		<description>You can choose many interesting topics in my site for you. -Subject- new Theory about evolution in the universe...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>You can choose many interesting topics in my site for you. -Subject- new Theory about evolution in the universe&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By: Dark Vader</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20934</link>
		<dc:creator>Dark Vader</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Oct 2006 16:49:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20934</guid>
		<description>(...&lt;em&gt;The Party Pooper is back&lt;/em&gt;...)

&lt;strong&gt;Corrupted Echoes From the Big Bang?&lt;/strong&gt;

As a layman it&#039;s overbold (&lt;em&gt;read crazy&lt;/em&gt;) to question the brand-new Nobel Prize in Physics. But, I can&#039;t help feeling a little bit spiteful since Charon in a professional way squashed my earlier thoughts about CMB and ICM complications.      :-)

According to Prof. Tom Shanks in the Physics Department at the University of Durham THERE ARE indications of ICM corrupting CMB!

&lt;em&gt;&quot;The team has found that nearby galaxy clusters appear to lie in regions of sky where the microwave temperature is lower than average. This behaviour could be accounted for if the hot gas in the galaxy clusters has interacted with the Big Bang photons as they passed by and corrupted the information contained in this echo of the primordial fireball.&quot;&lt;/em&gt; -- Prof. Tom Shanks

Full report: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-25349.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Are Galaxy Clusters Corrupting the Echoes from the Big Bang?&lt;/a&gt;

Pictorial evidence: &lt;a href=&quot;http://star-www.dur.ac.uk/~ts/wmap/wmappic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Evidence for an Extended SZ Effect in WMAP Data&lt;/a&gt;

I&#039;m not the man to judge if this is serious science or intelligent-designer-bullshit. Would be fun to hear some pros comment on this.

(&lt;em&gt;And Sean, this undermines the previous evidence for both dark energy and dark matter!!&lt;/em&gt;)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(&#8230;<em>The Party Pooper is back</em>&#8230;)</p>
<p><strong>Corrupted Echoes From the Big Bang?</strong></p>
<p>As a layman it&#8217;s overbold (<em>read crazy</em>) to question the brand-new Nobel Prize in Physics. But, I can&#8217;t help feeling a little bit spiteful since Charon in a professional way squashed my earlier thoughts about CMB and ICM complications.      <img src='http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p>According to Prof. Tom Shanks in the Physics Department at the University of Durham THERE ARE indications of ICM corrupting CMB!</p>
<p><em>&#8220;The team has found that nearby galaxy clusters appear to lie in regions of sky where the microwave temperature is lower than average. This behaviour could be accounted for if the hot gas in the galaxy clusters has interacted with the Big Bang photons as they passed by and corrupted the information contained in this echo of the primordial fireball.&#8221;</em> &#8212; Prof. Tom Shanks</p>
<p>Full report: <a href="http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-25349.html" rel="nofollow">Are Galaxy Clusters Corrupting the Echoes from the Big Bang?</a></p>
<p>Pictorial evidence: <a href="http://star-www.dur.ac.uk/~ts/wmap/wmappic.html" rel="nofollow">Evidence for an Extended SZ Effect in WMAP Data</a></p>
<p>I&#8217;m not the man to judge if this is serious science or intelligent-designer-bullshit. Would be fun to hear some pros comment on this.</p>
<p>(<em>And Sean, this undermines the previous evidence for both dark energy and dark matter!!</em>)</p>
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		<title>By: Dark Vader</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20933</link>
		<dc:creator>Dark Vader</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Oct 2006 13:06:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20933</guid>
		<description>Paul Valletta, I don&#039;t know about close range contamination of CMB (cosmic microwave background radiation), but the anisotropy of CMB seems to bee affected by a long distance scattering phenomena due to ICM (intracluster medium), which is a superheated gas (10^7 to 10^8 Kelvin) present at the center of most galaxy clusters. You can read more about the &lt;a href=&quot;http://home.uchicago.edu/~jhenning/sz_effect/sz_effect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SZ Effect (Sunyaev-Zel-dovich effect) on this page&lt;/a&gt;.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Paul Valletta, I don&#8217;t know about close range contamination of CMB (cosmic microwave background radiation), but the anisotropy of CMB seems to bee affected by a long distance scattering phenomena due to ICM (intracluster medium), which is a superheated gas (10^7 to 10^8 Kelvin) present at the center of most galaxy clusters. You can read more about the <a href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~jhenning/sz_effect/sz_effect.html" rel="nofollow">SZ Effect (Sunyaev-Zel-dovich effect) on this page</a>.</p>
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		<title>By: Paul Valletta</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20932</link>
		<dc:creator>Paul Valletta</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Oct 2006 08:10:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20932</guid>
		<description>If COBE and WMAP ar cased within their own tempeature dependant apparatus, ie if COBE for instance was a detector cooled/encased with a temp field of about -273 degrees, then it could not possably detect anything lower than its local themal signiture?

Long wave detectors operate at certain wavelengths, the componants of which must be giving off a certain amount of thermal heat, how does it filter this heat away from what it is supposed to be detecting?

I mean, it is contaminated at close range?

For WMAP it operates (as I understand) a detector of far-off, back in time, differences in background radiation.

Same thing, what about the local &quot;foreground&quot; pollution that the detector itself must be giving off?

This is where I think I am mistaken, so if so please correct, Radio waves cover a certain distance, they are LONG, if they are intercpted by any shorter wavelength (any hotter body), then the Long wave shortens as it absorbs the incoming energy, thus a Longwave will be more susseptable to contamination?

If, in simplistic terms, there is a High Energy Photon that hits a body that is say, just about -273k..then it must transmit part of its thermal energy, to raise the -273 k up by a discrete factor?

If one throws a cool flask into a hot volcano, what get heated and what gets cooled!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If COBE and WMAP ar cased within their own tempeature dependant apparatus, ie if COBE for instance was a detector cooled/encased with a temp field of about -273 degrees, then it could not possably detect anything lower than its local themal signiture?</p>
<p>Long wave detectors operate at certain wavelengths, the componants of which must be giving off a certain amount of thermal heat, how does it filter this heat away from what it is supposed to be detecting?</p>
<p>I mean, it is contaminated at close range?</p>
<p>For WMAP it operates (as I understand) a detector of far-off, back in time, differences in background radiation.</p>
<p>Same thing, what about the local &#8220;foreground&#8221; pollution that the detector itself must be giving off?</p>
<p>This is where I think I am mistaken, so if so please correct, Radio waves cover a certain distance, they are LONG, if they are intercpted by any shorter wavelength (any hotter body), then the Long wave shortens as it absorbs the incoming energy, thus a Longwave will be more susseptable to contamination?</p>
<p>If, in simplistic terms, there is a High Energy Photon that hits a body that is say, just about -273k..then it must transmit part of its thermal energy, to raise the -273 k up by a discrete factor?</p>
<p>If one throws a cool flask into a hot volcano, what get heated and what gets cooled!</p>
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		<title>By: Dark Vader</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20937</link>
		<dc:creator>Dark Vader</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Oct 2006 13:40:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20937</guid>
		<description>Thanks Charon!

The Universe is fantastic and weird, and I feel it&#039;s maybe over my capability to comprehend. Temperatures of tens of millions of degrees in ICM, but so scattered you won&#039;t feel a thing? Huum, it&#039;s magic...

Completely unscientific calculations:
&quot;Power density&quot;/cm^3 of Earth-air at 300Â° Kelvin = 3 x 10^27
&quot;Power density&quot;/cm^3 of ICM = 10^7 x 10^-3 = 10^4

So, the ICM on Earth &quot;heats&quot; the air by a factor of 0,0000000000000000000000033 / cm^3 !? Obviously not enough to frie Kentucky Chickens...  :-)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks Charon!</p>
<p>The Universe is fantastic and weird, and I feel it&#8217;s maybe over my capability to comprehend. Temperatures of tens of millions of degrees in ICM, but so scattered you won&#8217;t feel a thing? Huum, it&#8217;s magic&#8230;</p>
<p>Completely unscientific calculations:<br />
&#8220;Power density&#8221;/cm^3 of Earth-air at 300Â° Kelvin = 3 x 10^27<br />
&#8220;Power density&#8221;/cm^3 of ICM = 10^7 x 10^-3 = 10^4</p>
<p>So, the ICM on Earth &#8220;heats&#8221; the air by a factor of 0,0000000000000000000000033 / cm^3 !? Obviously not enough to frie Kentucky Chickens&#8230;  <img src='http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>By: Charon</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20940</link>
		<dc:creator>Charon</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Oct 2006 22:44:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20940</guid>
		<description>Dark Vader:

1) X-ray observation and (microwave) CMB observations are indeed at very different wavelengths. Hot intracluster gas (ICM) also radiates via thermal brehmsstrahlung, rather than as a blackbody like the CMB (or a star). Also, there are an insanely large number of CMB photons relative to anything else (more CMB photons than from stars, AGN, ICM, etc. put together).

2) The density of the hot interstellar medium (ISM) in our galaxy is roughly 10^-3 particles/cm^3. The density of air on the surface of the Earth is roughly 10^25 particles/cm^3. See why the ISM doesn&#039;t matter to most non-astronomers?

3) Forget wormholes, see 2).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dark Vader:</p>
<p>1) X-ray observation and (microwave) CMB observations are indeed at very different wavelengths. Hot intracluster gas (ICM) also radiates via thermal brehmsstrahlung, rather than as a blackbody like the CMB (or a star). Also, there are an insanely large number of CMB photons relative to anything else (more CMB photons than from stars, AGN, ICM, etc. put together).</p>
<p>2) The density of the hot interstellar medium (ISM) in our galaxy is roughly 10^-3 particles/cm^3. The density of air on the surface of the Earth is roughly 10^25 particles/cm^3. See why the ISM doesn&#8217;t matter to most non-astronomers?</p>
<p>3) Forget wormholes, see 2).</p>
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		<title>By: Good Show &#171; Life as a Physicist</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20939</link>
		<dc:creator>Good Show &#171; Life as a Physicist</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Oct 2006 06:06:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20939</guid>
		<description>[...] But I wanted to write a post not about the prize specifically &#8212; many others can do a much better job than I can. I want to write it because of NASA (I&#8217;ve complained about this before). Mather is still at NASA. COBE was funded by NASA. Guess what? The NASA funding for similar science experiments has been cut back &#8212; to make way for a manned mars mission among other priorities. [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] But I wanted to write a post not about the prize specifically &#8212; many others can do a much better job than I can. I want to write it because of NASA (I&#8217;ve complained about this before). Mather is still at NASA. COBE was funded by NASA. Guess what? The NASA funding for similar science experiments has been cut back &#8212; to make way for a manned mars mission among other priorities. [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Dark Vader</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20944</link>
		<dc:creator>Dark Vader</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Oct 2006 22:53:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20944</guid>
		<description>Congratulations to John Mather and George Smoot for &lt;a href=&quot;http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006&lt;/a&gt;!

&lt;strong&gt;CMB&lt;/strong&gt; (Comic Malapropism Background): &lt;em&gt;Smoot question - Does it really matter if the early universe matter was perfectly smooth or not? Mather - It does matter! With perfectly smooth matter, there will be no smoot nor mather!&lt;/em&gt;  :-o

And now, something (&lt;em&gt;almost&lt;/em&gt;) completely different: I was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/08/21/dark-matter-exists/#comment-118552&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;happy camper&lt;/a&gt; after comment &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/08/21/dark-matter-exists/#comment-118498&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#176: Skeptic23&lt;/a&gt; in post &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/08/21/dark-matter-exists/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dark Matter Exists&lt;/a&gt;, but now the Devil&#039;s Advocate has contacted me with some outrageous questions regarding CMB, hot x-ray gas and Dark Matter.

Skeptic23 pointed out: &lt;em&gt;&quot;...we do not have any observations of cluster-sized groups of galaxies without the hot x-ray gas&quot;&lt;/em&gt;. Hence, the universe is jam-packed with galaxies in clusters, accompanied by hot x-ray gas (&lt;em&gt;with temperatures of tens of millions of degrees&lt;/em&gt;), and this doesn&#039;t work in my brain:

1) How on earth can &lt;a href=&quot;http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;COBE&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/current/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WMAP&lt;/a&gt; measure temperature anisotropy in CMB (2.73 Kelvin), at a level of one part in 100000, if they have to look through a (&lt;em&gt;compact on large-scale&lt;/em&gt;) &quot;smog&quot; of hot x-ray gas of tens of millions of degrees? Don&#039;t tell me - CMB and x-ray gas is at different &quot;heat-wavelengths&quot;, ...or what??

2) The (bullet)proof for Dark Matter requires the companion of millions of degrees of hot x-ray gas in the galaxies clusters. If hot x-ray gas encloses the clusters/galaxies/stars/planets - how can there be chickens living in Kentucky (not fried yet)? Don&#039;t tell me - Kentucky is an exception from the rest of the universe, ...or what??

3) Maybe stars can &quot;protect&quot; planets from hot x-ray gas by making &quot;wormholes&quot; in the gas (&lt;em&gt;by gravity?&lt;/em&gt;). But the collision in Galaxy Cluster 1E 0657-556, with the galaxies moving right through two colliding hot x-ray gas clouds (&lt;em&gt;generating even higher temperatures&lt;/em&gt;) - must have over-fried any Kentucky Chicken still alive in the neighborhood, ...or what??


Please any professional, help me with this one and I promise not to talk to the Devil&#039;s Advocate again!!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Congratulations to John Mather and George Smoot for <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/" rel="nofollow">The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006</a>!</p>
<p><strong>CMB</strong> (Comic Malapropism Background): <em>Smoot question &#8211; Does it really matter if the early universe matter was perfectly smooth or not? Mather &#8211; It does matter! With perfectly smooth matter, there will be no smoot nor mather!</em>  <img src='http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_surprised.gif' alt=':-o' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p>And now, something (<em>almost</em>) completely different: I was a <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/08/21/dark-matter-exists/#comment-118552" rel="nofollow">happy camper</a> after comment <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/08/21/dark-matter-exists/#comment-118498" rel="nofollow">#176: Skeptic23</a> in post <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/08/21/dark-matter-exists/" rel="nofollow">Dark Matter Exists</a>, but now the Devil&#8217;s Advocate has contacted me with some outrageous questions regarding CMB, hot x-ray gas and Dark Matter.</p>
<p>Skeptic23 pointed out: <em>&#8220;&#8230;we do not have any observations of cluster-sized groups of galaxies without the hot x-ray gas&#8221;</em>. Hence, the universe is jam-packed with galaxies in clusters, accompanied by hot x-ray gas (<em>with temperatures of tens of millions of degrees</em>), and this doesn&#8217;t work in my brain:</p>
<p>1) How on earth can <a href="http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/" rel="nofollow">COBE</a> and <a href="http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/current/" rel="nofollow">WMAP</a> measure temperature anisotropy in CMB (2.73 Kelvin), at a level of one part in 100000, if they have to look through a (<em>compact on large-scale</em>) &#8220;smog&#8221; of hot x-ray gas of tens of millions of degrees? Don&#8217;t tell me &#8211; CMB and x-ray gas is at different &#8220;heat-wavelengths&#8221;, &#8230;or what??</p>
<p>2) The (bullet)proof for Dark Matter requires the companion of millions of degrees of hot x-ray gas in the galaxies clusters. If hot x-ray gas encloses the clusters/galaxies/stars/planets &#8211; how can there be chickens living in Kentucky (not fried yet)? Don&#8217;t tell me &#8211; Kentucky is an exception from the rest of the universe, &#8230;or what??</p>
<p>3) Maybe stars can &#8220;protect&#8221; planets from hot x-ray gas by making &#8220;wormholes&#8221; in the gas (<em>by gravity?</em>). But the collision in Galaxy Cluster 1E 0657-556, with the galaxies moving right through two colliding hot x-ray gas clouds (<em>generating even higher temperatures</em>) &#8211; must have over-fried any Kentucky Chicken still alive in the neighborhood, &#8230;or what??</p>
<p>Please any professional, help me with this one and I promise not to talk to the Devil&#8217;s Advocate again!!</p>
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		<title>By: fh</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/comment-page-1/#comment-20941</link>
		<dc:creator>fh</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Oct 2006 14:33:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2006/10/03/nobel-prize-to-mather-and-smoot-for-cmb-anisotropies/#comment-20941</guid>
		<description>Joe F, the peace price has gone to organisations numerous times. Looking it up: The Permanent International Peace Bureau, the International Red Cross (3 times), Nansen International Office For Refugees, The Friends Service Council, UNHCR, ILO, UNICEF, Amnesty International, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces, ICBL, Medicines Sans Frontiers, the UN, and finally the IAEA.

But these are organizations not collaborations, and none of the other nobel prizes can be awarded to an institution AFAIK, they can, at most, be split three ways.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Joe F, the peace price has gone to organisations numerous times. Looking it up: The Permanent International Peace Bureau, the International Red Cross (3 times), Nansen International Office For Refugees, The Friends Service Council, UNHCR, ILO, UNICEF, Amnesty International, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces, ICBL, Medicines Sans Frontiers, the UN, and finally the IAEA.</p>
<p>But these are organizations not collaborations, and none of the other nobel prizes can be awarded to an institution AFAIK, they can, at most, be split three ways.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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