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	<title>Comments on: Will Fracking Help Or Hinder the Fight Against Climate Change?</title>
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	<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/</link>
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		<title>By: Roger Faulkner</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-2457</link>
		<dc:creator>Roger Faulkner</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Feb 2013 16:51:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-2457</guid>
		<description>If only there was a carbon tax, the incentives would favor gas over coal, unless the carbon from coal is sequestered. A carbon tax is so obviously what we need to:
1) balance the budget
2) incentivise gas over coal, yet incentivise wind &amp; solar more.
3) This is the sort of non-biased tax that attempts to favor an environmentally sound future, but 
4) a full-out &quot;tax equalization&quot; should overtly tax mercury emissions and destruction of forests too, to capture all the major effects.


I ran for office in WI in 1992 as a &quot;Green Republican&quot; and talked up a deal in which taxes on vice, pollution, health effects, and resource depletion are introduced. At that time I proposed to direct the tax revenues 100% to reductions in other taxes (Income, property, and sales taxes), but the today version of that would be to devote some fixed percentage of all the new taxes towards deficit reduction, with most of the rest going to reduce other taxes and fees.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If only there was a carbon tax, the incentives would favor gas over coal, unless the carbon from coal is sequestered. A carbon tax is so obviously what we need to:<br />
1) balance the budget<br />
2) incentivise gas over coal, yet incentivise wind &amp; solar more.<br />
3) This is the sort of non-biased tax that attempts to favor an environmentally sound future, but<br />
4) a full-out &#8220;tax equalization&#8221; should overtly tax mercury emissions and destruction of forests too, to capture all the major effects.</p>
<p>I ran for office in WI in 1992 as a &#8220;Green Republican&#8221; and talked up a deal in which taxes on vice, pollution, health effects, and resource depletion are introduced. At that time I proposed to direct the tax revenues 100% to reductions in other taxes (Income, property, and sales taxes), but the today version of that would be to devote some fixed percentage of all the new taxes towards deficit reduction, with most of the rest going to reduce other taxes and fees.</p>
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		<title>By: p vogel</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1937</link>
		<dc:creator>p vogel</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Sep 2012 12:35:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1937</guid>
		<description>Nowhere in the article did I find mention of the most crucial aspect of horizontal hydraulic fracturing- mention of the water that is used in the process, never to be recovered.  Not the same as the vertical drill!  One horizontally- fractured well, depending on the depth and size of it uses anywhere from 4 to 9 MILLION gallons of fresh water to force the gas out of the bedrock earth.  Mixed with a cocktail of toxic chemicals, including biocides and lubricants and VOCs, all of this fresh clean water is lost from the dwindling supply of clean drinking and agricultural water.  The water is not re-used, they cannot, or do not have technology to strip it of those chemicals. There are no regulations nor incentives to do so. Not only that, but when it returns to the surface there are additional poisons from the deep earth, carcinogenic substances, and radioactive substances that have been in the bedrock for millions of years, brought to the surface: strontium, barium, plutonium. The waste water either sits on-site, is transported and dumped into deep well injection sites, (seismic events above mentioned, water contamination) or brought for partial treatment to industrial waste sites, such as the Niagara Falls Water Treatment facility before being dumped into the Niagara River.  Hydrofracking wastewater contains 19,000 pCi (picocuries) of radiation per liter (i.e., 8,000 times the allowable limit of drinking water). Yet, the Niagara Falls Water Board is unable to remove that radioactivity from the water. The New York DEC and Niagara Falls Water Board (NFWB) have identified 136 chemicals of concern (COCs) and claim their current facility cannot handle the volume of waste projected.  Land ruined, water wept away, sick and crying humans, farms and streams.  No, it is hardly worth it.  http://wnypeace.org/new/fracking_factoids.pdf 
As a biology and earth science teacher I have been actively researching environmental issues for over thirty years, and never have I seen such an assault on the fragile ecology of the earth’s surface.  I do my best to limit my footprint on Earth, I try my hardest to teach to the future.  Natural gas is touted as the new “clean” energy, and while it is true that it burns more efficiently and cleaner than coal, the costs to air and water through the filthy process are mind-boggling.  Each well requires fresh water that needs to be transported to rural sites. Each well requires one thousand two-way diesel truck loads to provide the supplies, the chemicals, and the water necessary to frack it.  Up to 16 wells can be developed per pad. 77,000 well sites have been proposed for upstate New York alone.  
Diesel trucks, generators, pumps, and drill rigs, condensers, and compressors  (the noise itself!) provide plenty of benzene, tolulene, and ultra-fine particles of soot, ozone, and the carcinogenic benzo-a-pyrene, not to mention the wear on the roads, and who knows how many UNREPORTED and UNREGULATED spills and leaks and DUMPS along the way.  Diesel exhaust itself contributes to bladder, lung, and breast cancer, to stroke and diabetes.  In children the toxins can cause premature birth, several varieties of cognitive defects, asthma and stunted lung development, the latter two alone costing the US 242 Billion per year.  The effects of the exhaust travel up to 200 miles through the air. Methane escapes, 25 times worse than CO2 as a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, bubbling up through wells, and pipelines, in streams and wells. 

When our watersheds, our roadways, and our air are threatened, so is our food. Agriculture feeds us.  Dairy farms, orchards, vineyards, the ever-growing organic farm industry all provide jobs that are satisfying and sustainable.  But they rely on water, safe and clean, and plenty of it. 

The Health effects of this industry are an enormous, immoral and unnecessary burden to our futures, to our future generations.  The health effects have only begun to surface.  Renewable energy should be our priority. The technology exists, the planet calls for it, and calls for it now.  If only the renewable energy wind, geothermal, and solar and wood sources were subsidized by the amounts given away to the oil and gas development companies! We could slow down the devastating heating of the planet and start to breathe easier.   As it is, they are beyond regulation, are generously subsidized, and reap enormous profit at the sake of solid, scientific, yet very fragile ecology.  We live here on Earth, we all do, and we had best move toward a cleaner future.
 97% of the water on Earth is salt water.  Of the remaining 3%, two thirds is locked up in glaciers and ice, (rapidly shrinking, remember- making more salt water) or too deep to reach.  That leaves 1% of the water on Earth fresh, attainable water.  All life depends on it. All life is made of it. Water is our most precious resource.

Are you considering the causes of the drought that we’ve experienced this very year?  Well, we pull billions of gallons of water out, poison it, the lands, and air, and burn more fossil fuel.  Cattle die, farmers fold, banks refuse mortgages on leased lands. Not economical, and not at all sensible.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nowhere in the article did I find mention of the most crucial aspect of horizontal hydraulic fracturing- mention of the water that is used in the process, never to be recovered.  Not the same as the vertical drill!  One horizontally- fractured well, depending on the depth and size of it uses anywhere from 4 to 9 MILLION gallons of fresh water to force the gas out of the bedrock earth.  Mixed with a cocktail of toxic chemicals, including biocides and lubricants and VOCs, all of this fresh clean water is lost from the dwindling supply of clean drinking and agricultural water.  The water is not re-used, they cannot, or do not have technology to strip it of those chemicals. There are no regulations nor incentives to do so. Not only that, but when it returns to the surface there are additional poisons from the deep earth, carcinogenic substances, and radioactive substances that have been in the bedrock for millions of years, brought to the surface: strontium, barium, plutonium. The waste water either sits on-site, is transported and dumped into deep well injection sites, (seismic events above mentioned, water contamination) or brought for partial treatment to industrial waste sites, such as the Niagara Falls Water Treatment facility before being dumped into the Niagara River.  Hydrofracking wastewater contains 19,000 pCi (picocuries) of radiation per liter (i.e., 8,000 times the allowable limit of drinking water). Yet, the Niagara Falls Water Board is unable to remove that radioactivity from the water. The New York DEC and Niagara Falls Water Board (NFWB) have identified 136 chemicals of concern (COCs) and claim their current facility cannot handle the volume of waste projected.  Land ruined, water wept away, sick and crying humans, farms and streams.  No, it is hardly worth it.  <a href="http://wnypeace.org/new/fracking_factoids.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://wnypeace.org/new/fracking_factoids.pdf</a><br />
As a biology and earth science teacher I have been actively researching environmental issues for over thirty years, and never have I seen such an assault on the fragile ecology of the earth’s surface.  I do my best to limit my footprint on Earth, I try my hardest to teach to the future.  Natural gas is touted as the new “clean” energy, and while it is true that it burns more efficiently and cleaner than coal, the costs to air and water through the filthy process are mind-boggling.  Each well requires fresh water that needs to be transported to rural sites. Each well requires one thousand two-way diesel truck loads to provide the supplies, the chemicals, and the water necessary to frack it.  Up to 16 wells can be developed per pad. 77,000 well sites have been proposed for upstate New York alone.<br />
Diesel trucks, generators, pumps, and drill rigs, condensers, and compressors  (the noise itself!) provide plenty of benzene, tolulene, and ultra-fine particles of soot, ozone, and the carcinogenic benzo-a-pyrene, not to mention the wear on the roads, and who knows how many UNREPORTED and UNREGULATED spills and leaks and DUMPS along the way.  Diesel exhaust itself contributes to bladder, lung, and breast cancer, to stroke and diabetes.  In children the toxins can cause premature birth, several varieties of cognitive defects, asthma and stunted lung development, the latter two alone costing the US 242 Billion per year.  The effects of the exhaust travel up to 200 miles through the air. Methane escapes, 25 times worse than CO2 as a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, bubbling up through wells, and pipelines, in streams and wells. </p>
<p>When our watersheds, our roadways, and our air are threatened, so is our food. Agriculture feeds us.  Dairy farms, orchards, vineyards, the ever-growing organic farm industry all provide jobs that are satisfying and sustainable.  But they rely on water, safe and clean, and plenty of it. </p>
<p>The Health effects of this industry are an enormous, immoral and unnecessary burden to our futures, to our future generations.  The health effects have only begun to surface.  Renewable energy should be our priority. The technology exists, the planet calls for it, and calls for it now.  If only the renewable energy wind, geothermal, and solar and wood sources were subsidized by the amounts given away to the oil and gas development companies! We could slow down the devastating heating of the planet and start to breathe easier.   As it is, they are beyond regulation, are generously subsidized, and reap enormous profit at the sake of solid, scientific, yet very fragile ecology.  We live here on Earth, we all do, and we had best move toward a cleaner future.<br />
 97% of the water on Earth is salt water.  Of the remaining 3%, two thirds is locked up in glaciers and ice, (rapidly shrinking, remember- making more salt water) or too deep to reach.  That leaves 1% of the water on Earth fresh, attainable water.  All life depends on it. All life is made of it. Water is our most precious resource.</p>
<p>Are you considering the causes of the drought that we’ve experienced this very year?  Well, we pull billions of gallons of water out, poison it, the lands, and air, and burn more fossil fuel.  Cattle die, farmers fold, banks refuse mortgages on leased lands. Not economical, and not at all sensible.</p>
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		<title>By: David44</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1936</link>
		<dc:creator>David44</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Sep 2012 01:32:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1936</guid>
		<description>@Ken Bowdon,

Agreed, good to hear comments from someone who knows what he&#039;s talking about. Now what can be done to decrease gas leakage from gas wells and flaring from oil wells?  I understand that at some wells in the booming western oil leases, much of the methane is flared because infrastructure to capture, hold and transport it isn&#039;t yet in place.  Should we be allowing this rapid expansion of drilling before such infrastructure is available?  (Building the storage tanks and pipelines creates jobs, too.)

Also, what can/should government do to promote propane gel fracturing as an alternative to hydrofracking? (And Keith, how about a post on that? First I&#039;d heard of it was in the comment above.  Apparently, it is a viable process.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@Ken Bowdon,</p>
<p>Agreed, good to hear comments from someone who knows what he&#8217;s talking about. Now what can be done to decrease gas leakage from gas wells and flaring from oil wells?  I understand that at some wells in the booming western oil leases, much of the methane is flared because infrastructure to capture, hold and transport it isn&#8217;t yet in place.  Should we be allowing this rapid expansion of drilling before such infrastructure is available?  (Building the storage tanks and pipelines creates jobs, too.)</p>
<p>Also, what can/should government do to promote propane gel fracturing as an alternative to hydrofracking? (And Keith, how about a post on that? First I&#8217;d heard of it was in the comment above.  Apparently, it is a viable process.)</p>
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		<title>By: Nancy Shiffler</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1935</link>
		<dc:creator>Nancy Shiffler</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Sep 2012 20:56:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1935</guid>
		<description>Let&#039;s put the &quot;energy independence&quot; argument to rest.  Oil and gas companies are applying left and right to build coastal facilities to convert the shale gas to liquid natural gas so it can be sold overseas.  Why?  Because they can get a higher price for it.  That in turn will increase the price of natural gas in the US market.  Production of liquid natural gas requires large amounts of energy and has its own pollution problems.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Let&#8217;s put the &#8220;energy independence&#8221; argument to rest.  Oil and gas companies are applying left and right to build coastal facilities to convert the shale gas to liquid natural gas so it can be sold overseas.  Why?  Because they can get a higher price for it.  That in turn will increase the price of natural gas in the US market.  Production of liquid natural gas requires large amounts of energy and has its own pollution problems.</p>
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		<title>By: Ken Bowdon</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1934</link>
		<dc:creator>Ken Bowdon</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Sep 2012 05:49:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1934</guid>
		<description>Folks, uninformed speculation and risk aversion will not solve our current energy predicament. No energy source is risk free. One must balance the risk versus the benefit in every endeavor. Energy production is no different. No energy source is risk free, and no energy sources leaves the earth unchanged. Not in my back yard seems to be the driving force in most protests against fracing. The Industry, in spite of the government, has already reduced foreign contribution to our energy supply from about 65% to 47% in six short years. We could be energy independent in another 5 to 6 years if government would cooperate by opening more public lands to development. Imagine not needing to buy oil from OPEC, imagine the number of jobs that can be created.  It is estimated that energy independence will create over 3 million jobs. 

http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-05-15/1A-COV-ENERGY-INDEPENDENCE/54977254/1

Those are jobs directly related to finding production and distribution of energy. Energy independence can also produce a climate to reintroduce manufacturing jobs to the US because Cheap energy, combined with our greater productivity will make us competitive again. Once energy is no longer a global commodity controlled by small, largely militant countries, the price will fall. Drilling drove down the price of natural gas from $11 per MCF to less than $3 per MCF because Natural gas is not a global commodity yet. 

You guys that complain about tiny earthquakes which may or may not be caused by fracing and water contamination that is certainly not caused wholsale by fracing are probably also against war to insure the free flow of oil, and are probably against nuclear energy and windmills off the East Coast. Wake up, the miracle of energy independence is finally within our reach. Independence will allow us to finally put resources to work finding the alternative to fossil fuel because we won&#039;t have to send trillions of dollars to people that don&#039;t like us.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Folks, uninformed speculation and risk aversion will not solve our current energy predicament. No energy source is risk free. One must balance the risk versus the benefit in every endeavor. Energy production is no different. No energy source is risk free, and no energy sources leaves the earth unchanged. Not in my back yard seems to be the driving force in most protests against fracing. The Industry, in spite of the government, has already reduced foreign contribution to our energy supply from about 65% to 47% in six short years. We could be energy independent in another 5 to 6 years if government would cooperate by opening more public lands to development. Imagine not needing to buy oil from OPEC, imagine the number of jobs that can be created.  It is estimated that energy independence will create over 3 million jobs. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-05-15/1A-COV-ENERGY-INDEPENDENCE/54977254/1" rel="nofollow">http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-05-15/1A-COV-ENERGY-INDEPENDENCE/54977254/1</a></p>
<p>Those are jobs directly related to finding production and distribution of energy. Energy independence can also produce a climate to reintroduce manufacturing jobs to the US because Cheap energy, combined with our greater productivity will make us competitive again. Once energy is no longer a global commodity controlled by small, largely militant countries, the price will fall. Drilling drove down the price of natural gas from $11 per MCF to less than $3 per MCF because Natural gas is not a global commodity yet. </p>
<p>You guys that complain about tiny earthquakes which may or may not be caused by fracing and water contamination that is certainly not caused wholsale by fracing are probably also against war to insure the free flow of oil, and are probably against nuclear energy and windmills off the East Coast. Wake up, the miracle of energy independence is finally within our reach. Independence will allow us to finally put resources to work finding the alternative to fossil fuel because we won&#8217;t have to send trillions of dollars to people that don&#8217;t like us.</p>
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		<title>By: Mike Shefler</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1933</link>
		<dc:creator>Mike Shefler</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Sep 2012 15:44:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1933</guid>
		<description>@14.   OilInvestor 

Unfortunately, to get to the fracking zone, you have to go through the water table zone. There are numerous things that can go wrong on the way up or down. For instance, defective or cracked well casings can release fracking fluids or methane into the water table. Mining (which in many cases occurred decades ago and is not well-mapped) has made the substructure porous, allowing pollutants to travel long distances from the drilling site to affect water supplies miles away. Drilling companies may have the best of intentions and/or technology (and remember, many don&#039;t), and still have accidents. Once an accident occurs that pollutes a water table, there is not much that can be done to remediate it. I live in Pennsylvania, where a lot of these problems are surfacing now that fracking is proceeding apace with little regulation. I predict there will be a big backlash against natural gas drilling in a few years as the drilling proliferates throughout the state. New Yorkers should feel grateful that it is still restricted in their state.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@14.   OilInvestor </p>
<p>Unfortunately, to get to the fracking zone, you have to go through the water table zone. There are numerous things that can go wrong on the way up or down. For instance, defective or cracked well casings can release fracking fluids or methane into the water table. Mining (which in many cases occurred decades ago and is not well-mapped) has made the substructure porous, allowing pollutants to travel long distances from the drilling site to affect water supplies miles away. Drilling companies may have the best of intentions and/or technology (and remember, many don&#8217;t), and still have accidents. Once an accident occurs that pollutes a water table, there is not much that can be done to remediate it. I live in Pennsylvania, where a lot of these problems are surfacing now that fracking is proceeding apace with little regulation. I predict there will be a big backlash against natural gas drilling in a few years as the drilling proliferates throughout the state. New Yorkers should feel grateful that it is still restricted in their state.</p>
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		<title>By: A supergroup forms in the anti-fracking movement &#124; City Atlas</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1932</link>
		<dc:creator>A supergroup forms in the anti-fracking movement &#124; City Atlas</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 21:02:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1932</guid>
		<description>[...] consider those ideas, here are recent overviews in Discover, by Keith Kloor, and Climate Central, by Michael Lemonick. (Lemonick&#8217;s piece cites Nathan Myrhvold, a [...] </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] consider those ideas, here are recent overviews in Discover, by Keith Kloor, and Climate Central, by Michael Lemonick. (Lemonick&#8217;s piece cites Nathan Myrhvold, a [...] </p>
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		<title>By: Richard Levy</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1931</link>
		<dc:creator>Richard Levy</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 16:04:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1931</guid>
		<description>I am guessing that the fracking may end up setting off earthquakes such as recently in Ohio and Virginia</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I am guessing that the fracking may end up setting off earthquakes such as recently in Ohio and Virginia</p>
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		<title>By: Richard Levy</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1930</link>
		<dc:creator>Richard Levy</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 16:03:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1930</guid>
		<description>Fool around with the earth&#039;s plates and the earth can strike back by setting of earthquakes such as the ones in Virginia and Ohio recently where there has been extensive drilling.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Fool around with the earth&#8217;s plates and the earth can strike back by setting of earthquakes such as the ones in Virginia and Ohio recently where there has been extensive drilling.</p>
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		<title>By: Kristin Dewey</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/08/29/will-fracking-help-or-hinder-the-fight-against-climate-change/#comment-1929</link>
		<dc:creator>Kristin Dewey</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 15:59:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/?p=2226#comment-1929</guid>
		<description>Thank you for your input Ken Bowdon!!  I&#039;m for fracing, and personally fracing on our own land so we don&#039;t have to depend on foreign oil! We have lived next to 6 wells in Weld County for the past 25 years, and have had not one health problem or water problem yet.  Frac on!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thank you for your input Ken Bowdon!!  I&#8217;m for fracing, and personally fracing on our own land so we don&#8217;t have to depend on foreign oil! We have lived next to 6 wells in Weld County for the past 25 years, and have had not one health problem or water problem yet.  Frac on!</p>
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