Yes, the plantation of Northern Ireland did just that. As the English had learned from the Laois/Offaly plantation – my home area – and others, that if you only depose the local Native elite, and don’t supplant the local peasant population you are asking for trouble, from:
1. Native revolts
2. The new English rulers going native over the course of a generation or two.

But Paul, you seem to suggest that illiterate peasants never change language, except under duress, and by extension, most of the world’s illiterate peasants should be speaking ur-languages, unchanged for thousands upon thousands of years – this is not true.

Agreed. As I have said, illiterate farmers and peasants to not leave written records. So I am not claiming that there _are_ useful records. But you are making such a claim. So are all those who have piled abuse upon me in this thread. Yet no one has whispered the location of any record indicating that any illiterate farming population has every changed its language, except under compulsion. Why? Because such records don’t exist. It doesn’t happen. It never happened.

This should be obvious to anyone with the slightest acquaintance with such populations. How _could_ it happen? What would be the mechanism? Why would farming community X speaking its X language, learn to also speak language Y? (A few individuals, on the make, would certainly learn the language of the conqueror, to become the tax-collectors, etc. — for very obvious reasons. But what would motivate the rest?)

I am coming to this topic in the light of the fairly recent findings based on DNA — which I gather are widely accepted — that farmers spread across Europe bringing their farming skills with them, starting around 8,000 years ago and reaching north-west Europe and Britain around 4,000 years ago.

I’ve been mulling over this (and allied topics) and, quite foolishly, assumed that others had come to much the same conclusions. How wrong can you get!

Farmers did not need to be literate. They never sought to run the country in which they lived. They didn’t have a vote. And they are extremely conservative. Countries were ruled by gangs of warriors — an elite, or an aristocracy. They were (or they employed) the literate people who left all the records. Their ‘history’ was usually one of campaigns and battles. Look at some accounts of the defeat of the Axis Powers in 1944/5 or of the Napoleonic Wars. Only rarely will the local populations in France, Italy, Holland, the Ukraine, Poland, etc., get a mention. That is the kind of ‘history’ on which we have to rely as a guide to the nature of, and the languages spoken by, the farming communities of those times.

@ 25. pconroy says:
” . . . The Angles – from today’s Denmark/North Germany/Holland – invaded and carved out a kingdom in South Eastern Scotland called Bernica . . ”

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/kingdom_of_the_angles/

‘Angles’ certainly invaded around 600 AD (who knows where from). But, as it says on that webpage . . “Only after the Picts defeated the Angles at Dun Nechtain (Dunnichen) in 685 AD did Northumbrian expansion halt and their overlordship was finally broken.”

So it was not much of a ‘kingdom’. But your real mistake is to assume that this warring band brought all their women and children with them — from Denmark or somewhere, and (in a century or so) replaced the entire farming community which had been there before; and later somehow expanded all over Lowland Scotland.

It’s like thinking that as the Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Franks, Ostrogoths and original Goths (and I’m not referring to the other Paul Crowley’s affiliations http://www.ciphergoth.org/) swept backwards and forwards across Europe, they replaced every farming community each time. Heck, it’s what the records suggest — so it must be true. Btw, there’s a nice account of The Fall of Rome here:
http://www.muvizu.com/Video/11856/The-Fall-of-Rome-Part-1-The-Barbarian-Hordes

I can list hundreds (or even thousands) of military invasions that left existing farming populations substantially alone. Can anyone here list a few well-recorded ones that sought to eliminate the existing population of farmers and bring in their own?

So why should anyone assume that a poorly-recorded invasion (such as those of the Angles to Scotland, or the Anglo-Saxon to England) followed a course of action known to be rare?

The answer is that to the invaders, illiterate farming communities are almost invisible. And to the historians, they are completely so.

The Angles – from today’s Denmark/North Germany/Holland – invaded and carved out a kingdom in South Eastern Scotland called Bernica, later when it expanded South of Hadrian’s Wall, it was called the Kingdom of Northhumbria:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/kingdom_of_the_angles/

The Angles kingdom would later be conquered and annexed by the Gaels (aka Scotti) from Ireland and disappear, as did the other independent kingdoms of Northern Britain (aka Alba).
The Lallans/Scots language of today is a testament to their presence – it is an independent West Germanic/Frisian language, not derived from English.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallans

Do you not get an annual flu shot, Paul? I’ve been having them for about 10 years now – they save a ton of misery and down time.

You write: ” . . statements . . I’m very skeptical of (e.g., “Farmers and peasants do not drop their native language and learn to speak another without extreme compulsion” is obviously plain bullshit, there are plenty of ethnographic and historical counter-examples to this!). My statement seems to me a one of the ‘bleeding obvious’. Where are the “ethnographic and historical counter-examples” ? If they really exist, you’ll get my most effusive apologies. But I am sure that they don’t.

Few of us can claim to have known societies where nearly everyone travelled on foot, with a few on horseback, and without TV, radio or newspapers. But some of us have seen communities where that life-style had echoes. ‘Resistant to change’ does not begin to describe them. The notion that such a community would change its language is close to inconceivable.

@17 ryan mentions
” . . the long pedigree of English dialects in Scotland . . . ”

Indeed. The Lowland Scots did not learn their English from the Norman-French, nor from the ‘Anglo-Saxons’ (neither of which made much impression), nor from the Danes, nor from the Romans. The most obvious answer is that they had it from ‘the start’ — i.e. when English-speaking farmers settled in Lowland Scotland, under the aegis of Gaelic (or other) over-lords.

I’m saying that the same applied to those farmers/peasants who settled in Ireland at about the same time.

@ 10 Paul Ó Duḃṫaiġ. Says
“One of major features evident from looking at the 10 year age groups in the 1851 census is that there are clear signs of inter-generational language gaps. E.g. the non-transmission of the language to the younger generation”

How would “non-transmission” occur? Would the parents never talk to the children? I guess, that Duffy here is saying that the parents knew both Irish and English, and only spoke the latter to their children. But where would _they_ have learnt the English? And why? Remember, we are talking about a community of illiterate peasants and farmers (supposedly) solidly Irish-speaking, many or most of whom are on the margins of survival.

“. . . Given the massive population growth during the period this quickly pushed down the percentage of habitual Irish speakers from around 50% in 1800. The number of Irish speakers was on order of 66-70% in the 1780?s when the population was on order of 3.6-4million. . .”

So the percentage of Irish speakers went down from 70% to 50% in 20 years? As my mother used to say: “Mor-yah”. This might be just-about conceivable among a middle-class. But we are talking about an overwhelmingly illiterate farming/peasant society where hardly any went to school — and in a society where emigration was far from being the rule.

The population of Ireland in 1801 is usually listed as 5.2m this grew by about 57% to 1841, if you consider that the first year of the famine was 1845. There had probably been a population growth on order of 60% over period 1801 to 1845.

One of major features evident from looking at the 10 year age groups in the 1851 census is that there are clear signs of inter-generational language gaps. Eg. the non-transmission of the language to the younger generation. Given the massive population growth during the period this quickly pushed down the percentage of habitual Irish speakers from around 50% in 1800. The number of Irish speakers was on order of 66-70% in the 1780′s when the population was on order of 3.6-4million.

One of major pushers of angliscation of course was the growing Catholic middle/upper classes. Who were often the leading lights in the Home Rule movement. A prime example is Daniel O’Connell

–
“I am sufficiently utilitarian not to regret its gradual abandonment. A diversity of languages is no benefit; it was first imposed on mankind as a curse, at the building of Babel. It would be of vast advantage to mankind if all the inhabitants spoke the same language. Therefore, although the Irish language is connected with many recollections that twine around the hearts of Irishmen, yet the superior utility of the English tongue, as the medium of modern communication, is so great, that I can witness without sigh the gradual disuse of the Irish.”

- Daniel O’Connell, 1833
—

“An Irish prayer-book is a thing which the poor [Catholic] Irish peasant has never seen. Not only has he not been taught the language which he speaks, but his clergy have never encouraged, and have sometimes forbidden him to learn it. This objection arose chiefly, I believe, from the impudent intermeddling of Bible Societies with the religion of the people. By their patronage of the Irish language, they had desecrated it in the eyes of the Irish themselves.”

“I have seen an Irish bishop, with mitre on head and crozier in hand, delivering an elaborate English discourse to an Irish congregation, while a priest stood in the pulpit interpreting it sentence by sentence. This prelate was the son of an Irish peasant, born and reared in one of the most Irish districts in Ireland. Many of his audience might have been, and probably were his playmates in childhood and boyhood, and must have heard him speak the language of his father and mother; but he had never learned it, and was now too distinguished a dignitary of the church, to remember anything of the language of the vulgar herd he had left below him.”

- Conor McSweeny, ‘Songs of the Irish’, 1843
—
“The middle classes think it a sign of vulgarity to speak Irish.”

“A people without a language of its own is only half a nation. A nation should guard its language more than its territories, ’tis a surer barrier and a more important frontier than mountain or river.”

“To impose another language on such a people is to send their history adrift among the accidents of translation–’tis to tear their identity from all places–’tis to substitute arbitrary signs for picturesque and suggestive names–’tis to cut off the entail of feeling, and separate the people from their forefathers by a deep gulf–’tis to corrupt their very organs, and abridge their power of expression.”

- Thomas Davis, Young Ireland, 1845
—

As to the Irish language, toleration and patronage have come too late. It cannot be saved alive by any human power. It is at present confined to about one-third of the peasantry, and those the most ignorant and uncivilised. As a spoken language, it can hardly survive the present generation. The fathers and mothers will retain it till their death, but by the children it will be neglected and forgotten. The time for educating them in the native language has gone by for ever. It is not the language of business, of modern civilisation, and it will not enable a man to get on in the world. However we may regret that any language, especially one so primitive, so expressive, so powerful as the Gaelic should cease to live, its doom is inevitable.”

- Anonymous author, c. 1850
—

“It is natural to inquire how this strong passion for education could have possessed a people who are themselves utterly illiterate… Their passion may be traced to one predominant desire — the desire to speak English.”

“Whilst they may love the cadences, and mellowness, and homeliness of the
language which their fathers gave them, they yet see that obscurity and poverty
distinguish their lot from the English-speaking people; and accordingly, no
matter what the sacrifice to their feelings, they long for the acquisition of the
‘new tongue’, with all its prizes and social privileges. The keystone of fortune
is the power of speaking English, and to possess this power there is a burning
longing in their breasts that never varies, never moderates… The knowledge
which they thirst for in the school is, therefore, confined to a speaking use of
the English Language.”

“The master adopts a novel mode of procedure to propagate the ‘new language’.
He makes it a cause of punishment to speak Irish in the school, and he has
instituted a sort of police among the parents to see that in their intercourse with
one another the children speak nothing but English at home. The parents are so
eager for the English, they exhibit no reluctance to inform the master of every
detected breach of the school law; and, by this coercive process, the poor
children in the course of time become pretty fluent in speaking very incorrect
English.”

- P.J. Keenan, ‘Twenty-third Report of the Commissioners of National
Education in Ireland’, 1857-58
—-

I’d think Razib has at least some ways of checking IPs and log-ins, so it seems likely he believes that #2 was a different Paul Crowley, since he let the comment pass.

In following the quotes from Paul Ó Duḃṫaiġ in the previous post, then looking for overall population estimates; and also in seeing him above writing that the population was about 40% Gaelic-speaking in 1841 … my reaction is that it’s a lot lower than I’d expected. Unless part of the answer is that pre-famine Ireland was also more urbanized than I think of it, then this actually means that a huge swathe of the peasantry was English-speaking. Some of the quotes POD gave suggest 1.5 to 2 million Gaelic speakers in the early 1800s. The population (1821 census per this page – http://www.lancs.ac.uk/troubledgeogs/chap3.htm; though it IS an English university .) was 6 million.

20% of the population was protestant, so the Catholic population is something like 5.4 million.

So I don’t buy P. Crowley’s “the Irish peasantry were always English-speaking” argument. And I think Razib’s general point, that there was a significant language shift in the Irish Catholic peasantry in the 1800′s, is true.

But Razib’s statement that the Catholic peasantry was majority Gaelic-speaking in 1800 seems a bit less certain than I’d have thought. The population figures are two decades late, the religious figures 3 decades late, and the estimates of Gaelic speaking in POD’s quotes are impressionistic enough that Razib may still be correct. But either way, it’s a much closer thing than I’d have expected.

But then, it was only in the last couple years that I learned of the long pedigree of English dialects in Scotland. I’d somehow thought it was all Gaelic speaking till Bonnie Prince Charlie or something.

@Paul Ó Duḃṫaiġ – A bit off-track, but on the parent/language transmission theme, a lot of my daughter’s Chinese school mates dropped Chinese language after Form 3 in secondary school and took French instead – on the face of it that might seem pretty bizarre, except that Chinese language study at that level is very difficult and French is perceived as a much easier option, plus many of them have at least some intention some time to migrate to Canada, or at least retain the option.

It just illustrates that parents are driven in these things by concern for their kids’ future welfare/adaptation, and cultural transmission is a secondary concern. By the time those kids have kids, inter-generational transmission of written Chinese might have broken, at least at any kind of higher level.

Meanwhile, my half-Chinese daughter successfully persisted with Chinese language on my (non-Chinese) advice, because from our perspective French would be useless to her, while being fully trilingual/biliterate in English and Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) is likely to be a real asset – in fact, it already is.

“Irish immigrants fell into three linguistic categories: monolingual Irish speakers, bilingual speakers of both Irish and English, and monolingual English speakers.[42] Estimates indicate that there were around 400,000 Irish speakers in the United States in the 1890s, located primarily in New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago and Yonkers.[43] The Irish speaking population of New York reached its height in this period, when speakers of Irish numbered between 70,000 and 80,000.[44] This number declined during the early 20th century, dropping to 40,000 in 1939, 10,000 in 1979 and 5,000 in 1995.[45] According to the latest census, the Irish language ranks 66th out of the 322 languages spoken today in the U.S., with over 25,000 speakers. New York State has the most Irish Gaelic speakers, and Massachusetts the highest percentage, of the 50 states.”

—[42-45]
Bayor, Ronald H.; Timothy J. Meagher (1997). The New York Irish. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801857645.
—

Either way the general figure proposed for number of Irish speakers in the 1841 before the Great Famine (note it’s never called “Potato famine” in Ireland) was on order of 40%. The fact is the population dropped by over 2 million in a 10 year period. If you look at the maps showing the areas of greatest population loss these are heavily concentrated in areas that were majority Irish speaking (Gaeltacht) going on the census of 1851 — when the language question was first asked. It’s generally believed that the mortality among Irish speakers was proportionally higher then that of english speakers.

The population continued to plummet due to massive migration from 1851 onwards only reaching it’s nadir point in 1961 when in the Republic it was on order of 2.9million (down from 6.5million in 1841). Even today the population hasn’t fully recovered, one of key headlines with the recent census results (2011) was that the population had recovered to highest levels since 1861 (4.5m)

There is plenty of academic reseach on the fact that Irish parents during later half of 19th century broke the inter-generational language transmission. Part of this has been put down to fact that it was believed that if the children would need to emigrate to the English speaking world — eg. US, Canada, Australia and Britain

Wexford was quite a diverse place linguistically in the early 18th century. The southernmost baronies were majority Yola speaking. For those not in the know Yola is an extinct branch of Middle-English (sort of how “Scots” is also a branch). Northern Wexford had undergone plantation in the period 1615-18 with “planters” been brought in from Scotland (see: ‘The Population of County Wexford in the 17th Century’ by Mícheál Tóibín, BA, BComm, The Past (1950)). This no doubt contributed heavily to the language shift during the late 17th century in Wexford.

Western baronies of Shelburne and Bantry would have been majority Irish speaking. Of course by the time of 1798 they had heavily shifted to English (as can be seen in Garrett Fitzgearld’s research). With regards to 1798 and the “rebels” here’s a quote:
—
And yet, in the fullest and best eyewitness account of ‘the
bloody engagement at Ross’ on 5 June 1798, James Alexander
several times reports them as speaking Irish.

Passing by the barrack lane a rebel came out and levelled an
old musquet at me, but presently crossed himself and took aim
at a soldier, in doing which he was himself shot by a Dublin
Militia man. As he fell his piece went off and he exclaimed,
‘Scoilt an Deoil!’ (The Devil split you) his last words.
— (Subaltern Voices –Poetry in Irish, Popular Insurgency and the 1798 Rebellion by Tom Dunne,
Eighteenth-Century Life – Vol 22, No. 3, pp 31-44 (Nov. 1998))

Check out the following pdf on the subject: (from which I took the above)
A Brief History of Languages in County Wexford
http://www.balleawriters.com/ballea/publications/michael_mernagh/History%20of%20Languages.pdf

“Any sufficiently advanced incompetence is indistiguishable from malice.” — Jon Clarke’s First Law