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	<title>Comments on: The Sixty-Million-Year Virus</title>
	<atom:link href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/</link>
	<description>A blog about life, past and future. Written by DISCOVER contributing editor and columnist Carl Zimmer.</description>
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		<title>By: &#124; The Loom &#124; Discover Magazine</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-12841</link>
		<dc:creator>&#124; The Loom &#124; Discover Magazine</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2008 17:08:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-12841</guid>
		<description>[...] host cell&#8217;s genome. Over millions of years, this viral DNA spreads through the host genome. Our own DNA contains 98,000 stretches of this virus DNA, plus 150,000 tiny viral fragments, making up about 8% [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] host cell&#8217;s genome. Over millions of years, this viral DNA spreads through the host genome. Our own DNA contains 98,000 stretches of this virus DNA, plus 150,000 tiny viral fragments, making up about 8% [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Theo godwyn</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2811</link>
		<dc:creator>Theo godwyn</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Jul 2007 05:20:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2811</guid>
		<description>Adam,

My point was that how do we know that the genetic code came from a virus rather than a virus coming from the genetic code.  This whole theory of human genetic code evolving through viral infiltration of eggs depends on the genetic code originating in a virus.

Since a virus does not create genetic code but rather steals it from other organisms, it must be assumed that no genetic code could can be considered native viral code.

This article is claiming that humans are built (at least 8%) by viral code.  My question would be, &quot;why aren&#039;t viruses considered to be composed of human genetic code instead of humans composed of viral genetic code?&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Adam,</p>
<p>My point was that how do we know that the genetic code came from a virus rather than a virus coming from the genetic code.  This whole theory of human genetic code evolving through viral infiltration of eggs depends on the genetic code originating in a virus.</p>
<p>Since a virus does not create genetic code but rather steals it from other organisms, it must be assumed that no genetic code could can be considered native viral code.</p>
<p>This article is claiming that humans are built (at least 8%) by viral code.  My question would be, &#8220;why aren&#8217;t viruses considered to be composed of human genetic code instead of humans composed of viral genetic code?&#8221;</p>
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		<title>By: NAJEEB</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2810</link>
		<dc:creator>NAJEEB</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 16 May 2006 12:50:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2810</guid>
		<description>Is it possible that monkeys and pigs (the only ones) are mutated genes from humans?  Why nobody tried to scientifically to prove this theory. Is it possible that humans came first than the apes?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Is it possible that monkeys and pigs (the only ones) are mutated genes from humans?  Why nobody tried to scientifically to prove this theory. Is it possible that humans came first than the apes?</p>
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		<title>By: Bruce Wright</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2809</link>
		<dc:creator>Bruce Wright</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 2006 01:46:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2809</guid>
		<description>Thanks for the thoughts, Luca.

Yeah, I don&#039;t know anything about the evidence for punctuated equillibrium.  It&#039;s just that I found Gould&#039;s hypothesis for a mechanism compelling.

I do wish that a professional would happen upon this comment thread and help us out with these questions.  I don&#039;t even know who I&#039;d ask!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks for the thoughts, Luca.</p>
<p>Yeah, I don&#8217;t know anything about the evidence for punctuated equillibrium.  It&#8217;s just that I found Gould&#8217;s hypothesis for a mechanism compelling.</p>
<p>I do wish that a professional would happen upon this comment thread and help us out with these questions.  I don&#8217;t even know who I&#8217;d ask!</p>
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		<title>By: luca</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2808</link>
		<dc:creator>luca</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Mar 2006 12:26:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2808</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m not particularly convinced about Punctuated Equilibrium... but Bruce Wright comment set something working in my head... I think you may have missed an interesting connection between the two things, the virus, and the small population size in your list: how about a population that encounter the virus, gets almost wiped out except for individual with resistance to it; the virus genome is then inserted but unable to express themselves in this small, stressed population, and undergoes rapid drift... this combines your mechanism in only one... may be there&#039;s something in here, any professional geneticist or biologist that care to elaborate on this?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m not particularly convinced about Punctuated Equilibrium&#8230; but Bruce Wright comment set something working in my head&#8230; I think you may have missed an interesting connection between the two things, the virus, and the small population size in your list: how about a population that encounter the virus, gets almost wiped out except for individual with resistance to it; the virus genome is then inserted but unable to express themselves in this small, stressed population, and undergoes rapid drift&#8230; this combines your mechanism in only one&#8230; may be there&#8217;s something in here, any professional geneticist or biologist that care to elaborate on this?</p>
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		<title>By: Raza Usman</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2807</link>
		<dc:creator>Raza Usman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Mar 2006 12:09:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2807</guid>
		<description>Sure beats the Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden explanation:)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sure beats the Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden explanation:)</p>
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		<title>By: Bruce Wright</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2806</link>
		<dc:creator>Bruce Wright</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Mar 2006 06:49:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2806</guid>
		<description>I have a question.

So this is a way that the genome of a species can acquire a mutation.  This provides new raw genetic information that natural selection can work on.

The great thing about this is that this new genetic information isn&#039;t merely single bit coding errors, or a flipped bit due to a stray cosmic particle or other mutagenic exposure.  Instead it&#039;s entire strings of new information, already in some cases useful strings of proteins, mulitple codons long.

Has this been explored as a second mechanism behind punctuated equilibrium?  We know that small population sizes will allow greater variation of genes to more quickly propogate among a population.

But ALSO a small or concentrated population would provide a great breeding ground for viruses.  It is a population under stress that is likely to be fertile for viral epidemics.  Populations encountering invading species would be exposed to new viruses.  Populations colonizing new territory would as well.  Populations hunting a different food source than they are used to will also be exposed to that animal&#039;s viruses.

These viral epidemics provide a population under stress with perhaps, if they&#039;re lucky, the raw genetic data to survive.

So these retroviruses provide the mechanism for accelerated mutation at the same time that small population sizes provide the mechanism for accelerated propogation of the genes successful individuals.  Is this a second part of the Punctuated Equilibrium puzzle?


That&#039;s my hypothesis.  Anyone working on that?  Sorry if my understanding of the science is totally off.  I assume there are people here to correct me if it is!

What a TOTALLY amazing piece of the puzzle of evolution if I&#039;m not completely making this up out of my hat.  The idea that colonizing species have a mechanism to get the new genetic material for natural selection to work on.

This is a fascinating field!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I have a question.</p>
<p>So this is a way that the genome of a species can acquire a mutation.  This provides new raw genetic information that natural selection can work on.</p>
<p>The great thing about this is that this new genetic information isn&#8217;t merely single bit coding errors, or a flipped bit due to a stray cosmic particle or other mutagenic exposure.  Instead it&#8217;s entire strings of new information, already in some cases useful strings of proteins, mulitple codons long.</p>
<p>Has this been explored as a second mechanism behind punctuated equilibrium?  We know that small population sizes will allow greater variation of genes to more quickly propogate among a population.</p>
<p>But ALSO a small or concentrated population would provide a great breeding ground for viruses.  It is a population under stress that is likely to be fertile for viral epidemics.  Populations encountering invading species would be exposed to new viruses.  Populations colonizing new territory would as well.  Populations hunting a different food source than they are used to will also be exposed to that animal&#8217;s viruses.</p>
<p>These viral epidemics provide a population under stress with perhaps, if they&#8217;re lucky, the raw genetic data to survive.</p>
<p>So these retroviruses provide the mechanism for accelerated mutation at the same time that small population sizes provide the mechanism for accelerated propogation of the genes successful individuals.  Is this a second part of the Punctuated Equilibrium puzzle?</p>
<p>That&#8217;s my hypothesis.  Anyone working on that?  Sorry if my understanding of the science is totally off.  I assume there are people here to correct me if it is!</p>
<p>What a TOTALLY amazing piece of the puzzle of evolution if I&#8217;m not completely making this up out of my hat.  The idea that colonizing species have a mechanism to get the new genetic material for natural selection to work on.</p>
<p>This is a fascinating field!</p>
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		<title>By: luca</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2805</link>
		<dc:creator>luca</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Mar 2006 11:33:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2805</guid>
		<description>Luis, there&#039;s no genetic/biological base for race as intended as &#039;superiority&#039; of one above the other(s) in terms of intelligence or else, is one thing. but clearly there are genetic differences, apart from those visible. Different ethnic groups can for example react more or less strongly to a drug, depending on their metabolism peculiarities - e.g. metabolism of propranolol differs in caucasians and blacks (just let me dig up a reference - Introduction to Drug Metabolism III edition - by G Gordon Gibson - pp 122-onward)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Luis, there&#8217;s no genetic/biological base for race as intended as &#8217;superiority&#8217; of one above the other(s) in terms of intelligence or else, is one thing. but clearly there are genetic differences, apart from those visible. Different ethnic groups can for example react more or less strongly to a drug, depending on their metabolism peculiarities &#8211; e.g. metabolism of propranolol differs in caucasians and blacks (just let me dig up a reference &#8211; Introduction to Drug Metabolism III edition &#8211; by G Gordon Gibson &#8211; pp 122-onward)</p>
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		<title>By: Luis</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2804</link>
		<dc:creator>Luis</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Mar 2006 02:53:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2804</guid>
		<description>Carl: &quot;much like the genetic markers that are shared by people from a particular ethnic group&quot;

Interesting... I keep hearing everywhere that there is no genetic/biological basis for race (which I think is baloney), so could anyone provide a source for that?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Carl: &#8220;much like the genetic markers that are shared by people from a particular ethnic group&#8221;</p>
<p>Interesting&#8230; I keep hearing everywhere that there is no genetic/biological basis for race (which I think is baloney), so could anyone provide a source for that?</p>
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		<title>By: Adam</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2803</link>
		<dc:creator>Adam</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Mar 2006 13:41:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2803</guid>
		<description>Hi All

Theo has no answer because he popped out a non sequiter like &quot;biochemical similarity&quot; as an explanation for viral similarity. That&#039;s garbage. Carl&#039;s talking about viruses in the same locations - thousands of them - in the genomes of putatively related species. YECs would have to prove that viruses don&#039;t insert themselves randomly but actively seek out the same locations in the merely similar genomes of different species. Or else swallow a BIG pill of &quot;random chance&quot; somehow creating these orderly patterns that look like inheritance in multiple genomes. Or a vengeful, spiteful God who creates such as a test to snare and damn rational free-thinkers.

Yeah right.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hi All</p>
<p>Theo has no answer because he popped out a non sequiter like &#8220;biochemical similarity&#8221; as an explanation for viral similarity. That&#8217;s garbage. Carl&#8217;s talking about viruses in the same locations &#8211; thousands of them &#8211; in the genomes of putatively related species. YECs would have to prove that viruses don&#8217;t insert themselves randomly but actively seek out the same locations in the merely similar genomes of different species. Or else swallow a BIG pill of &#8220;random chance&#8221; somehow creating these orderly patterns that look like inheritance in multiple genomes. Or a vengeful, spiteful God who creates such as a test to snare and damn rational free-thinkers.</p>
<p>Yeah right.</p>
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		<title>By: John</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2802</link>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Mar 2006 04:43:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2802</guid>
		<description>Carl said, &quot;our DNA shows signs of kinship to other primates, much like the genetic markers that are shared by people from a particular ethnic group. There&#039;s a third line of evidence that I find particularly fascinating: the viruses carried by humans and other apes&quot;.

Would these be, fundamentally, the same thing?  We are looking at genetic markers, whether they be viral or not, correct?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Carl said, &#8220;our DNA shows signs of kinship to other primates, much like the genetic markers that are shared by people from a particular ethnic group. There&#8217;s a third line of evidence that I find particularly fascinating: the viruses carried by humans and other apes&#8221;.</p>
<p>Would these be, fundamentally, the same thing?  We are looking at genetic markers, whether they be viral or not, correct?</p>
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		<title>By: Jake</title>
		<link>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/comment-page-1/#comment-2801</link>
		<dc:creator>Jake</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Mar 2006 19:42:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2006/03/13/the-sixty-million-year-virus/#comment-2801</guid>
		<description>Theo, if that is the case then why are so many of the viruses in our genomes useless to us?  If they originated in our genomes because a designer put them there, then why aren&#039;t they doing anything?

For that matter, why isn&#039;t so much of our genome doing anything?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Theo, if that is the case then why are so many of the viruses in our genomes useless to us?  If they originated in our genomes because a designer put them there, then why aren&#8217;t they doing anything?</p>
<p>For that matter, why isn&#8217;t so much of our genome doing anything?</p>
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