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Not Exactly Rocket Science
« The diving bell and the spider
I’ve got your missing links right here (11 June 2011) »

Does Whatever a Spider Can – a gallery of incredible spiders

There are around 40,000 species of spiders and they have a range of incredible adaptations to hunt their prey, move about and defend themselves. This gallery explores their behaviour, from vegetarian spiders to venomless ones that crush their prey to social ones that spit venom. Arachnophobes beware. <br /><p>Most spiders kill with venom, but the <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2008/07/03/the-spider-that-crushes-its-prey-with-140-metres-of-webbing/">uloborid spiders</a> (such as <em>Philoponella vicina</em>) have lost their venom glands entirely. Instead, they kill their prey by using their silk as a murderous garbage-compactor. Once an insect lands in a <em>P.vicina </em>web, the spider rushes over and starts wrapping. It uses 10-20 lines of silk at once and cocoons its prey in over 140 <em>metres </em>of the stuff. This silken shroud compresses insects with such force that it breaks their legs, buckles their eyes, and crushes their internal organs. Once the insect is dead, the spider regurgitates digestive juices all over the silk and sucks up the fluids that remain, leaving behind a dry, hollow shell. (Photo by Robert Whyte)</p>
<p>More:<strong> </strong><a title="Permanent Link: The spider that crushes its prey with 140 metres of webbing" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2008/07/03/the-spider-that-crushes-its-prey-with-140-metres-of-webbing/">The spider that crushes its prey with 140 metres of webbing</a></p><p>The largest web in the world belongs to <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2010/09/16/a-spider-web-that-spans-rivers-made-from-the-world%u2019s-toughest-biological-material/">Darwin’s bark spider from Madagascar</a>. It weaves its gargantuan trap over entire rivers and lakes. The main thread can be as long as 25 metres and the sticky core can be as large as 2.8 square metres. Darwin’s bark spider also uses the toughest silk of any species. It’s twice as elastic as any other spider silk and it can resist 10 times more force than Kevlar before rupturing. It’s not just the apex of spider silk – it’s the toughest biological material ever found.</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: A spider web that spans rivers made from the world’s toughest biological material" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2010/09/16/a-spider-web-that-spans-rivers-made-from-the-world%u2019s-toughest-biological-material/">A spider web that spans rivers made from the world’s toughest biological material</a></p><p>The dark-footed ant-spider <em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><a href="http://xnelson.googlepages.com/Jacksonetal2008.pdf">Myrmarachne melanotarsa</a></span></em> is a liar. It’s a jumping spider that impersonates ants. It certainly looks the part, but it boosts the illusion with a social streak. To mimic the large societies of ants, the ant-spider travels in groups and lives in silken apartment complexes, with hundreds of individuals staying in nests connected by silk. This act protects the ant-spider from larger spiders that might eat it. It also allows the ant-spider to <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/07/01/spider-mimics-ant-to-eat-spiders-and-avoid-being-eaten-by-spiders/">raid the nests of those same larger spiders</a>. The would-be predators run away and abandon their eggs and youngsters to the charlatans. The ant-spider is a spider that looks like an ant to avoid being eaten by spiders so that it itself can eat spiders.</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: Spiders gather in groups to impersonate ants" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/06/03/spiders-gather-in-groups-to-impersonate-ants/">Spiders gather in groups to impersonate ants</a> and <a title="Permanent Link: Spider mimics ant to eat spiders and avoid being eaten by spiders" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/07/01/spider-mimics-ant-to-eat-spiders-and-avoid-being-eaten-by-spiders/">Spider mimics ant to eat spiders and avoid being eaten by spiders</a></p><p>While most spiders need to bite their prey to inject venom, <em>Scytodes </em>spiders can <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/04/24/singaporean-spiders-spit-venomous-glue-work-together-eat-each-other/">spit a sticky, venomous fluid</a> that both traps its victims and poisons them – that’s why they’re called spitting spiders. Worse still, they do this in packs. After hatching, the spiderlings spend their early lives on their home web and they spit at, bite and devour prey <em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">en masse</span></em>. As they grow up, their cooperative streak fades and they start turning on each other, cannibalising each other if they get the chance. (Photo by Alejandro Soffia Vega)</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: Singaporean spiders spit venomous glue, work together, eat each other" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/04/24/singaporean-spiders-spit-venomous-glue-work-together-eat-each-other/">Singaporean spiders spit venomous glue, work together, eat each other</a></p><p>In Kenya, there lives a <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/02/15/vampire-spider-drawn-to-the-smell-of-human-feet/">spider that drinks human blood</a>. But fear not – <em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Evarcha culicivora</span></em> is an indirect vampire. It’s after mosquitoes that have fed on mammal blood. <em>Evarcha </em>specifically targets malarial mosquitoes that have just fed on blood, and it can tell them apart from other similar insects using its keen senses of vision and smell. <em>Evarcha</em> also sniffs its way to places where mosquitoes are likely to gather and it’s bizarrely drawn to the smell of human feet. Once it feeds, the blood doesn’t just nourish the spider – it’s also an aphrodisiac. After feeding on mosquitoes, <em><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/10/27/drinking-blood-makes-vampire-spider-sexier/">Evarcha <span style="font-style: normal;">smells sexier</span></a></em>.</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: Drinking blood makes vampire spider sexier" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/10/27/drinking-blood-makes-vampire-spider-sexier/">Drinking blood makes vampire spider sexier</a> and <a title="Permanent Link: Vampire spider drawn to the smell of human feet" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/02/15/vampire-spider-drawn-to-the-smell-of-human-feet/">Vampire spider drawn to the smell of human feet</a></p><p><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/10/12/bagheera-kiplingi-the-mostly-vegetarian-spider/"><span style="font-style: normal;">Bagheera kiplingi is the only vegetarian spider</span></a></span></em> out of around 40,000 species. It exploits a partnership between ants and acacia trees. The ants defend the trees, which repays with hollow thorns for shelter, and nutritious nodules for food. These are called “Beltian bodies” and <em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">B.kiplingi</span></em> has learned to steal them, using stealth, powerful jumping legs and silken safety lines to avoid being attacked. The Beltian bodies make up the majority of its diet, but no one knows how <em>B.kiplingi </em>copes with them. They’re high in fibre and spiders cannot chew their food; they only “drink” prey that has already been liquefied by their venom.</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: Bagheera kiplingi – the mostly vegetarian spider" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/10/12/bagheera-kiplingi-the-mostly-vegetarian-spider/"><em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; text-decoration: none;">Bagheera kiplingi</span></em> – the mostly vegetarian spider</a></p><p>All spiders can spin silk from their rear ends, using special organs called spinnerets. But tarantulas can also secrete silk from their feet. They use this unique skill to help them climb, bolstering the gripping abilities of their claws and leg hairs. That’s important for tarantulas – they include the largest of all spiders and they would be killed by falls that smaller species would shrug off. If they start to slip, small spigots on their feet secrete lines of silk to help them retain their grip. This ability <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2008/07/12/tarantula-climbs-walls-by-spinning-silk-from-its-feet/">was first discovered in 2006</a> and it was <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/05/16/tarantulas-climb-by-shooting-silk-from-their-feet/">confirmed earlier this year</a> when British scientists saw droplets of silk oozing from the spigots under a microscope. (Photo by Charles Tilford)</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: Tarantulas climb by shooting silk from their feet" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/05/16/tarantulas-climb-by-shooting-silk-from-their-feet/">Tarantulas climb by shooting silk from their feet</a></p><p>The notorious black widow spins two very different sorts of webs. The basic design consists of a horizontal sheet with vertical lines underneath, stuck to the floor with blobs of glue. These threads are incredibly taut. If an insect blunders into them, they break, stick to the insect and catapult it into mid-air, where the spider can kill it leisurely. This structure is only woven by hungry spiders. Well-fed ones spin a more chaotic tangle of non-stick threads. It’s a completely different design and akin to a silken fortress, providing the spider with better defences when it has already ensnared its fill of food. The black widows might even change the architecture of their lairs to stop themselves from overeating.</p>
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">More: <a title="Permanent Link: Death-trap or fortress – the two web designs of black widow spiders" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2008/06/26/death-trap-or-fortress-the-two-web-designs-of-black-widow-spiders/">Death-trap or fortress – the two web designs of black widow spiders</a><span> </span></span><p>In the forests of South Africa lurks the world’s largest web-spinning spider, <em><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/10/20/worlds-largest-web-spinning-spider-discovered-in-south-africa/"><span style="font-style: normal;">Nephila kowaci</span></a></span></em>. It’s a giant among a family of giants. The male is no bigger than a large house spider but the female has a body that’s 3-4 centimetres long and legs that are each 7.5cm long. It was first discovered in 1978, but it took 25 years and several failed expeditions to find another, lying unsuspectingly in an Austrian museum. Three more were found shortly after in the wild.</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: World’s largest web-spinning spider discovered in South Africa" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/10/20/worlds-largest-web-spinning-spider-discovered-in-south-africa/">World’s largest web-spinning spider discovered in South Africa</a></p><p>Sex is not a pleasant experience for a female <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/04/28/traumatic-insemination-male-spider-pierces-females-underside-with-needle-sharp-penis/">Harpactea sadistica</a>. After a brief dance, the male bites her and, with rotating motions, drills a needle-sharp penis into her belly. He ignores her genital opening and ejaculates directly into her body. For good reason, this style of sex (also practiced by bedbugs) is known as traumatic insemination. Normally, the last male that mates with the female would fertilise her eggs – his sperm would flush out those from previous mates. But males of H.sadistica bypass that competition by taking a more direct approach.</p>
<p>More: <a title="Permanent Link: Traumatic insemination – male spider pierces female’s underside with needle-sharp penis" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/04/28/traumatic-insemination-male-spider-pierces-females-underside-with-needle-sharp-penis/">Traumatic insemination – male spider pierces female’s underside with needle-sharp penis</a></p><p class=""><a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/06/09/the-diving-bell-and-the-spider/">The diving bell spider</a> is the only member of its group to spend its entire life underwater. It carries bubbles from the surface and traps them beneath a dome-shaped web, spun between underwater plants. The bubble acts as a home, a nursery, and even a gill. It automatically replenishes its own oxygen, sucking in the gas from even the most stagnant of water. As a result, the diving bell spider can stay inside for a full day before needing to top up its air supply.</p>
<p class="">More: <a title="Permanent Link: The diving bell and the spider" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/06/09/the-diving-bell-and-the-spider/">The diving bell and the spider</a></p>
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June 9th, 2011 by Ed Yong in Animal behaviour, Animals, Invertebrates, Spiders | 4 comments | RSS feed | Trackback >

4 Responses to “Does Whatever a Spider Can – a gallery of incredible spiders”

  1. 1.   Patrick Says:
    June 9th, 2011 at 12:57 pm

    Awesome. Love your spider articles.

  2. 2.   Chris Says:
    June 9th, 2011 at 1:28 pm

    Are there still no photos of Nephila kowaci? I was momentarily confused by the photo of the golden silk orb-weaver. :P

  3. 3.   Manticore Says:
    June 10th, 2011 at 9:45 am

    the abdomen of the uloborid spider looks like the head of a cat with a black mark on its forehead and closed eyes. The little spikes are the ears of course.

  4. 4.   Joe Marfice Says:
    June 12th, 2011 at 4:22 pm

    In slide 3, “The charlatan” (Myrmarachne melanotarsa), the picture confuses the article.

    The picture depicts a spider acting as a wolf in sheep’s clothing, walking amongst ants in (ostensibly) their colony.

    The article explains that Myrmarachne melanotarsa lives in ant-like colonies, in order to scare off bigger spiders and prey upon their eggs – no actual ants involved.

    Is the picture actually M. melanotarsa? Does it actually live with ants? Or is the picture of a myrmecophagous ant-mimicking spider, on the prowl for dinner? Or something else?

    BTW, your photo currently appears as the first choice by Google images in a search for “Myrmarachne melanotarsa”, so it has repercussions if it’s incorrectly labeled, of course.

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